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would be returned

  • 1 would / used to

    Модальный глагол would и оборот used to используются при описании привычных (повторяющихся) действий в прошлом (см. will, would: habits, used to).
    1) Глагол would может использоваться не только при описании повторяющихся действий, но также и при описании повторяющихся ситуаций (состояний). Если же речь идет об одной ситуации, одном длительном состоянии, would не может быть использован. Вместо would в этом случае используется оборот used to.

    She would usually be happy when she returned home after a long trip — Она обычно бывала счастлива, когда возвращалась домой после долгого путешествия (описывается повторяющаяся ситуация)

    When he spoke to me I wouldn't understand anything — Когда он говорил со мной, я обычно ничего не мог понять.

    There used to be five cinemas in the town — В городе раньше было пять кинотеатров ( used to здесь нельзя заменить на would, так как описывается долговременная ситуация, которая не повторялась).

    2) При введении в рассмотрение новой темы обычно используется used to, а would используется тогда, когда тема уже была введена в повествование.

    I used to buy chips but it's a waste of money, you know — Я раньше покупал чипсы, но это, знаете, пустая трата денег (разговор двух покупателей в магазине; здесь used to нельзя заменить на would, так как вводится в рассмотрение новая тема)

    3) Ни would, ни used to не могут использоваться, если в предложении указано, сколько раз происходило описываемое событие или как долго это событие длилось.

    I met him five times during the 1960s — Я встречался с ним пять раз в шестидесятые годы.

    English-Russian grammar dictionary > would / used to

  • 2 as luck would have it

    к счастью [изменённое шекспировское выражение; см. цитату]; см. тж. as bad luck would have it

    Ford: "And did he search for you, and could not find you?" Falstaff: "You shall hear. As good luck would have it, comes in one Mistress Page; gives intelligence of Ford's approach; and in her invention and Ford's wife's distraction, they conveyed me into a buck-basket." (W. Shakespeare, ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’, act III, sc. 5) — Форд: "Как же это он вас не нашел?" Фальстаф: "Мне просто повезло. Судьба послала нам миссис Пейдж, которая предупредила нас о том, что скоро явится Форд со своей шумной компанией. Эта хитрая миссис Пейдж и обезумевшая миссис Форд второпях запихали меня в корзину с бельем." (перевод С. Маршака и М. Морозова)

    As luck would have it, Raggles's house... was to let when Rawdon and his wife returned to London. (W. Thackeray, ‘Vanity Fair’, ch. XXXVII) — К счастью, дом Реглса... оказался свободным, когда Родон с женой вернулись в Лондон.

    As luck would have it no one was hurt. (K. S. Prichard, ‘Working Bullocks’, ch. XXV) — К счастью, никто не пострадал.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > as luck would have it

  • 3 הדר

    הֲדַרch. (preced.) to go around, come back, return. Targ. Y. Gen. 3:19; a. fr.B. Mets.14a what thou takest from him, עלי דידיה׳ comes back on my property (I am responsible for it). Ib. 69b הַדְרָא בעינא is returned bodily. Pes.29b, a. fr. ה׳ ביה went back on himself, changed his opinion. B. Mets.65a הַדְרִי בי I take it back. B. Bath.84a לא מצית הַדְרַת בך וב׳ thou wouldst not have been at liberty to retract (the transaction), and now thou shouldst &c?; a. fr. (Frequ. used adverbially. B. Mets.6a שתיק מעיקרא וה׳ צוח first he kept silence and then (reconsidering) he protested. Gitt.8b ה׳ אמר אביי another time A. said. Ḥull.76b (הדר) הֲדוּר שלחו another time they sent word; a. fr. Pa. הַדּר (v. preced. Pi.) 1) to honor, distinguish. Dan. 4:31.Targ. O. Lev. 19:15 (ed. Berl. תַהְדּר Af.).B. Bath.3b הַדְּרֵי. v. הוּדְרָא 2) to go around searching, be zealous, anxious. Ḥull.76b.; Nidd.65b הַדּוּרֵי אפירכא what need is there to go around searching for an argument (why do you resort to unknown authorities)? Sabb.23a הוה מְהַדֵּר מרוכ׳ my teacher used to be anxious for puppy-oil. Ib. מהדרא אמשחא (read: מהדר אמ׳); a. fr. 3) to restore; 4) to review; v. Af. Af. אַהֲדַר l) to return, restore; to lead back; to turn around. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:3 (some ed. Pa.). Targ. Cant. 7:5; a. fr.B. Mets.26a אי … לאַהֲדוּרָהּ אַהַדְרוּהָ ניהלי if they had had the intention of returning it, they would have returned it to me. Ib. אסרי קטייהו … לִיהַדְּרוּ לי ולא הַדְּרוּ ליוכ׳ (differ. in Mss., v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) I spoke in their presence several times (of my loss); they might have returned it to me, but did not; will they now return it?Ḥull.20a בדלא א׳ when he did not turn round (the windpipe &c). Ḥag.5b עמא רַאֲהַדְרִינְהוּ … מיניה a people from which its master has turned away his face; a. fr. 2) to repeat, review. M. Kat. 28a אֲהַדְרִי לתלמודאי that I may review my studies. Ber.38b מַהֲדַר תלמודיה (or מְהַרֵּר); a. fr. 3) to reply. Ḥull.34a מאי אהדריוכ׳ what did … reply to one another?; a. e. 4) to carry around in procession. Yeb.110a Ar., v. כּוּרְסַיָּא; v. אֲדוּרֵי. Ithpa. אִיהַדַּר, Ithpe. אִיהֲדַר 1) to go around begging. Sabb.151b אַהֲדוּרֵי אפיתחא לא מִיהֲדַר he will not be forced to go around begging. 2) to go back. Ned.50a איהדר לאחורי I will go back again.

    Jewish literature > הדר

  • 4 הֲדַר

    הֲדַרch. (preced.) to go around, come back, return. Targ. Y. Gen. 3:19; a. fr.B. Mets.14a what thou takest from him, עלי דידיה׳ comes back on my property (I am responsible for it). Ib. 69b הַדְרָא בעינא is returned bodily. Pes.29b, a. fr. ה׳ ביה went back on himself, changed his opinion. B. Mets.65a הַדְרִי בי I take it back. B. Bath.84a לא מצית הַדְרַת בך וב׳ thou wouldst not have been at liberty to retract (the transaction), and now thou shouldst &c?; a. fr. (Frequ. used adverbially. B. Mets.6a שתיק מעיקרא וה׳ צוח first he kept silence and then (reconsidering) he protested. Gitt.8b ה׳ אמר אביי another time A. said. Ḥull.76b (הדר) הֲדוּר שלחו another time they sent word; a. fr. Pa. הַדּר (v. preced. Pi.) 1) to honor, distinguish. Dan. 4:31.Targ. O. Lev. 19:15 (ed. Berl. תַהְדּר Af.).B. Bath.3b הַדְּרֵי. v. הוּדְרָא 2) to go around searching, be zealous, anxious. Ḥull.76b.; Nidd.65b הַדּוּרֵי אפירכא what need is there to go around searching for an argument (why do you resort to unknown authorities)? Sabb.23a הוה מְהַדֵּר מרוכ׳ my teacher used to be anxious for puppy-oil. Ib. מהדרא אמשחא (read: מהדר אמ׳); a. fr. 3) to restore; 4) to review; v. Af. Af. אַהֲדַר l) to return, restore; to lead back; to turn around. Targ. Y. Deut. 32:3 (some ed. Pa.). Targ. Cant. 7:5; a. fr.B. Mets.26a אי … לאַהֲדוּרָהּ אַהַדְרוּהָ ניהלי if they had had the intention of returning it, they would have returned it to me. Ib. אסרי קטייהו … לִיהַדְּרוּ לי ולא הַדְּרוּ ליוכ׳ (differ. in Mss., v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) I spoke in their presence several times (of my loss); they might have returned it to me, but did not; will they now return it?Ḥull.20a בדלא א׳ when he did not turn round (the windpipe &c). Ḥag.5b עמא רַאֲהַדְרִינְהוּ … מיניה a people from which its master has turned away his face; a. fr. 2) to repeat, review. M. Kat. 28a אֲהַדְרִי לתלמודאי that I may review my studies. Ber.38b מַהֲדַר תלמודיה (or מְהַרֵּר); a. fr. 3) to reply. Ḥull.34a מאי אהדריוכ׳ what did … reply to one another?; a. e. 4) to carry around in procession. Yeb.110a Ar., v. כּוּרְסַיָּא; v. אֲדוּרֵי. Ithpa. אִיהַדַּר, Ithpe. אִיהֲדַר 1) to go around begging. Sabb.151b אַהֲדוּרֵי אפיתחא לא מִיהֲדַר he will not be forced to go around begging. 2) to go back. Ned.50a איהדר לאחורי I will go back again.

    Jewish literature > הֲדַר

  • 5 καθίστημι

    A in causal sense:—[voice] Act., in [tense] pres., [tense] impf., [tense] fut., and [tense] pf.

    καθέστᾰκα Hyp.Eux.28

    , LXXJe.1.10, D.H.Dem.54, D.S.32.11, etc.; once

    καθέστηκα PHib.1.82i14

     (iii B. C.): [tense] plpf.

    - εστάκει Demetr.

     Sceps. ap. Ath.15.697d:—also in [voice] Med., [tense] fut. (Paus.3.5.1), [tense] aor. 1, more rarely [tense] pres. (infr. A. 11.2):— set down,

    κρητῆρα καθίστα Il.9.202

    ; νῆα κατάστησον bring it to land, Od.12.185; κ. δίφρους place, station them, before starting for the race, S.El. 710; ποῖ [ δεῖ] καθιστάναι πόδα; E.Ba. 184;

    κ. τινὰ εἰς τὸ φανερόν X.An.7.7.22

    ; set up, erect, of stones, Inscr.Cypr.94, 95 H.:—[voice] Med., [ λαῖφος] κατεστήσαντο βοεῦσι steadied it, h.Ap. 407.
    2 bring down to a place,

    τούς μ' ἐκέλευσα Πύλονδε καταστῆσαι Od.13.274

    : generally, bring,

    κ. τινὰ ἐς Νάξον Hdt.1.64

    , cf. Th.4.78; esp. bring back,

    πάλιν αὐτὸν κ. ἐς τὸ τεῖχος σῶν καὶ ὑγιᾶ Id.3.34

    ;

    κ. τοὺς Ἕλληνας εἰς Ἰωνίαν πάλιν X.An.1.4.13

    ; without πάλιν, replace, restore,

    ἐς φῶς σὸν κ. βίον E.Alc. 362

    ; ἃς (sc. τὰς κόρας) οὐδ' ὁ Μελάμπους.. καταστήσειεν ἄν cure their squint, Alex.112.5; ἰκτεριῶντας κ. Dsc.4.1; τὸ σῶμα restore the general health, Hp.Mul. 2.133:—[voice] Med., κατεστήσαντο (v.l. for κατεκτήσαντο)

    εὐδαιμονίαν Isoc. 4.62

    :—[voice] Pass., οὐκ ἂν ἀντὶ πόνων Χάρις καθίσταιτο would be returned, Th. 4.86.
    3 bring before a ruler or magistrate, Hdt.1.209, PRyl.65.10 (i B. C.), etc.;

    τινὰ ἐπί τινα PCair.Zen.202.6

     (iii B. C.), POxy.281.24 (i A. D.).
    II set in order, array, of soldiers, X.An.1.10.10; set as guards, προφυλακάς ib.3.2.1, etc.
    2 ordain, appoint,

    κατέστησε τύραννον εἶναι παῖδα τὸν ἑωυτοῦ Hdt.5.94

    , cf. 25: usu. without the inf.,

    κ. τινὰ ὕπαρχον Id.7.105

    ; ἄλλον [ ἄρχοντα]

    ἀντὶ αὐτοῦ X.Cyr.3.1.12

    , etc.;

    βασιλέα ἐπί τινας LXX 1 Ki.8.5

    , al.;

    τινὰ ἐς μοναρχίαν E.Supp. 352

    ;

    ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρχάς Isoc.12.132

    ;

    τινὰ τύραννον Ar.Av. 1672

    ;

    κ. ἐγγυητάς Hdt.1.196

    , Ar.Ec. 1064; δικαστάς, ἐπιμελητάς, νομοθέτας, Id.Pl. 917, X.Cyr.8.1.9, D.3.10 (sed leg. καθίσατε, cf.

    καθίζω 1.4

    ); of games, etc., γυμνικοὺς ἀγῶνας κ. Isoc.4.1: rarely c. inf.,

    οἱ καθιστάντες μουσικῇ.. παιδεύειν Pl.R. 410b

    :—so in [voice] Pass.,

    κυβερνᾶν κατασταθείς X. Mem.1.7.3

    : [tense] aor. [voice] Med., appoint for oneself,

    τύραννον καταστησάμενοι παρὰ. σφίσι αὐτοῖσι Hdt.5.92

    .á;

    ἄρχοντας X.An.3.1.39

    , etc.
    b esp. of laws, constitutions, ceremonies, etc., establish, νόμους, τελετάς, E.Or. 892, Ba.21, etc.; πολιτείαν, δημοκρατίαν, Arist.Ath.7.1, Decr.ib. 29.3;

    ὀλιγαρχίαν Lys.12.42

    ; also, set in order, arrange,

    πολιτείαν Pl. R. 590e

    :—also in [voice] Med.,

    τοῦτο βουλευτήριον φρούρημα γῆς καθίσταμαι A.Eu. 706

    ;

    τὴν Ἱππίου καθίσταμαι τυραννίδα Ar.V. 502

    ;

    καθίστατο τὰ περὶ τὴν Μυτιλήνην ᾗ αὐτῷ ἐδόκει Th.3.35

    ;

    πόλεις ἐπὶ τὸ ὠφέλιμον Id.1.76

    ; [ Εὔβοιαν] ὁμολογίᾳ ib. 114; πρὸς ἐμὲ τὸ πρᾶγμα καταστήσασθαι settle it with me, D.21.90.
    3 bring into a certain state,

    τινὰ ἐς ἀπόνοιαν Th.1.82

    ;

    ἐς ἀπορίαν Id.7.75

    ;

    εἰς ἀνάγκην Lys.3.3

    ;

    εἰς αἰσχύνην Pl.Sph. 230d

    ;

    εἰς ἐρημίαν φίλων Id.Phdr. 232d

    ;

    εἰς ἀγῶνα Id.Ap. 24c

    ;

    τινὰ εἰς ἀσφάλειαν Isoc.5.123

    ; τίνας εἰς ἀγῶνα καθέστακα; Hyp.Eux. 28, cf. Lycurg.2;

    κ. τινὰ ἐν ἀγῶνι καὶ κινδύνῳ Antipho 5.61

    ;

    τὴν πόλιν ἐν πολέμῳ Pl.Mx. 242a

    ;

    τοὺς φίλους ἐν ἀκινδύνῳ X.Cyr.4.5.28

    ; κ. ἑαυτὸν ἐς κρίσιν present himself for trial, Th.1.131, cf. Lycurg.6; κ. τινὰ εἰς τοὺς ἀρχικούς reckon him as one of.., X.Mem.2.1.9.
    4 c. dupl. acc., make, render so and so,

    ψευδῆ γ' ἐμαυτόν S.Ant. 657

    ;

    ἡ ἐπιθυμία κ. τινὰ ἀμνήμονα Antipho 2.1.7

    ; τὸ πιστὸν ὑμᾶς ἀπιστοτέρους κ. Th.1.68; κ. τι φανερόν, σαφές, Id.2.42, 1.32; τινὸς ἐπίπονον τὸν βίον κ. Isoc.10.17: c. part., κλαίοντα καθιστάναι τινά bring one to tears, E.Andr. 635: rarely c. inf., κ. τινὰ φεύγειν make him fly, Th.2.84, cf. E.Alc. 283, Luc.Charid.8:—[voice] Pass.,

    ἀνάγκη τὴν ναυμαχίαν πεζομαχίαν καθίστασθαι Th.2.89

    .
    6 make, in periphrases,

    πάννυχοι.. διάπλοον καθίστασαν A.Pers. 382

    :—[voice] Med., κρυφαῖον ἔκπλουν οὐδαμῇ καθίστατο ib. 385.
    B intr. in [tense] aor. 2, [tense] pf. καθέστηκα, and [tense] plpf. of [voice] Act. (also [tense] fut.

    καθεστήξω Th.3.37

    , 102), and all tenses of [voice] Med. (exc. [tense] aor. 1 ) and [voice] Pass.: [tense] pf. καθέσταμαι in later Greek, IG22.1006.24 (ii B. C.), LXXNu.3.32, etc.:—to be set, set oneself down, settle, ἐς [ Αἴγιναν] Hdt.3.131, cf. Th.4.75; [ ὀδύναι]

    καθίσταντο ἐς ὑπογάστριον Hp.Epid.7.97

    ; of joints, ἐξίσταται ἀνωδύνως καὶ κ. goes out of joint and in again, Id.Art.8; κ. ἐς Ῥήγιον to make R. a base of operations, Th.3.86; simply, to be come to a place,

    ὅποι καθέσταμεν S.OC23

    .
    b come before another, stand in his presence, Pi.P.4.135;

    λέξον καταστάς A.Pers. 295

     (unless it be taken in signf. 4), cf. Hdt.1.152;

    κ. ἐς ὄψιν τινός Id.7.29

    ;

    καταστάντες ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἔλεγον Id.3.46

    , cf. 156;

    καταστὰς ἐπὶ τὸ πλῆθος ἔλεγε Th.4.84

    .
    2 to be set as guard,

    ὑπό τινος Hdt.7.59

    , cf. S.OC 356, X.An.4.5.19, etc.; to be appointed,

    δεσπότης.. καθέστηκα E.HF 142

    ;

    στρατηλάτης νέος καταστάς Id.Supp. 1216

    ; κ. Χορηγὸς εἰς Θαργήλια, στρατηγός, etc., Antipho 6.11, Isoc.4.35, etc.;

    οἱ πρόβουλοι καθεστᾶσιν ἐπὶ τοῖς βουλευταῖς Arist.Pol. 1299b37

    ; δικτάτωρ.. καθε[ στάμενος τὸ τέταρτον], = Lat. dictator designatus quartum, of Caesar, IG12(2).35b7 (Mytil.).
    3 deposit a sediment, Hp. Epid.1.2, 7.
    4 also, stand or become quiet or calm, of water,

    ὅταν ἡ λίμνη καταστῇ Ar.Eq. 865

    , cf. PHolm.16.3; θάλασσα γαληνὴ καὶ κ. Plb.21.31.10; πνεῦμα λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκός calm and settled, Ar.Ra. 1003; ὁ θόρυβος κατέστη subsided, Hdt.3.80; of laughter, Philostr. VA3.4; of a swelling, Hp.Prog.7;

    ἕως τὰ πράγματα κατασταίη Lys. 13.25

    ; also of persons, καταστάς composedly, A.Pers. 295 (but v. supr. 1b); [ ἡ ψυχὴ]

    καθίσταται καὶ ἠρεμίζεται Arist.Ph. 248a2

    ; ὁρῶμεν [ τοὺς ἐνθουσιαστικοὺς]..

    καθισταμένους Id.Pol. 1342a10

    ;

    καθεστηκυίας τῆς διανοίας Ocell.4.13

    ; καθεστῶτι προσώπῳ with composed, calm countenance, Plu.Fab.17;

    μαίνεσθαι καὶ ἔξω τοῦ καθεστηκότος εἶναι Luc.Philops.5

    ; τίς ἂν καθεστηκὼς φήσαιε; what person of mature judgement would say.. ? Phld.Po.5.15; ἡ καθεστηκυῖα ἡλικία middle age, Th.2.36; ἡλικία μέση καὶ κ. Pl.Ep. 316c; οἱ καθεστηκότες those of middle age, Hp.Aph.1.13: also, with metaphor from wine, mellow, of persons, Alex.45.8.
    5 come into a certain state, become, and in [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf., to have become, be,

    ἀντὶ φίλου πολέμιόν τινι κ. Hdt. 1.87

    ;

    οἱ μὲν ὀφθαλμῶν ἰητροὶ κατεστέασι, οἱ δὲ κεφαλῆς Id.2.84

    ;

    ἔμφρων καθίσταται S.Aj. 306

    ;

    τῶν ἄνωθεν ὑπόπτων καθεστώτων Epicur. Sent.13

    ;

    ἐς μάχην Hdt.3.45

    ;

    ἐς πόλεμον ὑμῖν καὶ μάχην κ. E.HF 1168

    ;

    ἐς πάλην καθίσταται δορὸς τὸ πρᾶγμα Id.Heracl. 159

    ;

    ἐς τὴν ἴησιν Hp.Prorrh.2.12

    ; ἐς τὸ αὐτό they recover, Id.Coac. 160 (later abs.,

    καταστῆναι καὶ μηδενὸς ἔτι φαρμάκου δεηθῆναι Gal.Vict.Att.1

    );

    ἐς τοὺς κινδύνους Antipho 2.3.1

    ;

    ἐς φόβον Hdt.8.12

    , Th.2.81; ἐς δέος, λύπην, Id.4.108,7.75;

    ἐς φυγήν Id.2.81

    ;

    ἐς ἔχθραν τινί Isoc.9.67

    ; εἰς ὁμόνοιαν, εἰς πολλὴν ἀθυμίαν, Lys.18.18, 12.3; καταστῆναι ἐς συνήθειάν τινος τὴν πόλιν ποιεῖν make the city become accustomed to it, Aeschin.1.165;

    ἀντιστασιώτης κατεστήκεε

     had been,

    Hdt.1.92

    , cf. 9.37;

    ἐν δείματι μεγάλῳ κατέστασαν Id.7.138

    ; καταστάντων σφι εὖ τῶν πρηγμάτων ib. 132; τίνι τρόπῳ καθέστατε; in what case are ye? S.OT10; φονέα με φησὶ.. καθεστάναι ib. 703;

    ἄπαρνος δ' οὐδενὸς καθίστατο Id.Ant. 435

    ;

    κρυπτὸς καταστάς E.Andr. 1064

    ;

    οἱ ἐν τούτῳ τῆς ἡλικίας καθεστῶτες ἐν ᾧ.. Antipho 2.1.1

    ; ἐν οἵῳ τρόπῳ [ἡ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀρχὴ] κατέστη how it came into being, Th.1.97, cf. 96; ἀρξάμενος εὐθὺς καθισταμένου (sc. τοῦ πολέμου ) from its first commencement, Id.1.1.
    6 to be established or instituted, prevail,

    καί σφι μαντήϊον Διὸς κατέστηκε Hdt.2.29

    ; ἄγραι.. πολλαὶ κατεστᾶσι ib.70, cf. 1.200; ὅδε σφι νόμος κατεστήκεε ib. 197;

    βροτοῖσιν ὃς καθέστηκεν νόμος E. Hipp.91

    : c. inf.,

    θεὸν Ἀμφιάραον πρώτοις Ὠρωπίοις κατέστη νομίζειν Paus.1.34.2

    : [tense] pf. part., existing, established, prevailing, τὸν νῦν κατεστεῶτα κόσμον Hdt 1.65;

    ἦν κατεστηκὸς οὐδὲν φόρου πέρι Id.3.89

    ; τοὺς κατεστεῶτας τριηκοσίους the regular 300, Id.7.205;

    οἱ καθεστῶτες νόμοι S.Ant. 1113

    , Ar.Nu. 1400; τὰ καθεστῶτα the present state of life, S.Ant. 1160; also, existing laws, usages, τὰ τότε κ., τά ποτε κ., Pl.Lg. 798b, Isoc.7.56;

    ἐπὶ τοῖσι κατεστεῶσι ἔνεμε τὴν πόλιν Hdt.1.59

    .
    7 of purchases, cost, πλέον ἢ ὅσου ἐμοὶ κατέστησαν more than they stood me in, And.2.11, cf. Plu.2.349a.
    8 stand against, oppose, πρός τινα dub. l. in Plb.23.18.5:—[voice] Pass.,

    Τιτήνεσσι κατέσταθεν Hes. Th. 674

    .
    C [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med. and sts. [tense] pres. [voice] Med. are used in trans. sense, v. supr. A. 11.2sq.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > καθίστημι

  • 6 на цугундер

    (брать, тащить и т. п. кого-либо)
    уст., шутл.
    cf. take smb. in hand; put smb. under restraint; muzzle smb.

    Вы пишете: "Будь я редактором, я для Вашей же пользы вернула бы Вам этот фельетон". Отчего же не идти и далее? Отчего не взять на цугундер и самих редакторов, печатающих такие рассказы? (А. Чехов, Письмо М. В. Киселёвой, 14 января 1887) — You write: 'If I were the editor I would have returned this feuilleton to you for your own good.' Why not go further? Why not muzzle the editors themselves who publish such stories?

    - Бесподобно, граф, - сказал Ермолов, - а главное - умно очень. Давно надо было Раевского на цугундер взять. (С. Голубов, Багратион) — 'This is matchless, Count!' exclaimed Yermolov. 'And above all, very shrewd. It's high time young Rayevsky was taken in hand!'

    Федька после происшествия на хуторе Кособокова стал отчаянным до безрассудства. Листрату приходилось часто брать парня "на цугундер". (Н. Вирта, Одиночество) — After what happened on Kosobokov's farm, Fedka became reckless to the point of foolhardiness. Listrat was often compelled to put him under restraint.

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на цугундер

  • 7 a sprat to catch a mackerel (or whale)

       тo мaлoe, чeм жepтвуют для пpиoбpeтeния бoльшoгo, пpимaнкa
        She gave a small dinner to the four most influential critics, and during the evening scores of people dropped in for drinks, and were given signed copies of the great work. These were bread upon the waters which would be returned hundredfold - sprats to catch whales of circulation (R. Aldington)

    Concise English-Russian phrasebook > a sprat to catch a mackerel (or whale)

  • 8 return

    rə'tə:n
    1. verb
    1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) volver, regresar
    2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) devolver
    3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) volver
    4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) devolver
    5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) elegir
    6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) pronunciar, declarar
    7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) devolver

    2. noun
    1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; (also adjective) a return journey.) vuelta, regreso
    2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) billete de ida y vuelta
    •
    - return match
    - return ticket
    - by return of post
    - by return
    - in return for
    - in return
    - many happy returns of the day
    - many happy returns
    return1 n
    1. vuelta / regreso
    2. billete de ida y vuelta
    a return to Brighton, please un billete de ida y vuelta a Brighton, por favor
    many happy returns of the day! ¡feliz cumpleaños!
    return2 vb
    1. volver / regresar
    2. devolver
    have you returned the money she lent you? ¿le has devuelto el dinero que te prestó?
    tr[rɪ'tɜːn]
    1 (coming or going back) vuelta, regreso
    ■ on his return, he found the safe empty a su regreso, encontró la caja vacía
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (of ball) devolución nombre femenino; (of service) resto
    5 (on keyboard) retorno
    6 (profit) beneficio
    7 (ticket) billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta
    1 (come back, go back) volver, regresar
    2 (reappear) reaparecer
    1 (give back) devolver
    ■ have you returned your room key? ¿ha devuelto la llave de su habitación?
    2 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (ball) devolver; (serve) restar
    3 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (elect) elegir
    4 (verdict) pronunciar
    5 (interest) producir
    1 resultados nombre masculino plural electorales
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    by return of post a vuelta de correo
    in return for a cambio de
    many happy returns (of the day)! ¡feliz cumpleaños!
    return to sender devuélvase al remitente
    return match partido de vuelta
    return ticket billete nombre masculino de ida y vuelta
    return [ri'tərn] vi
    1) : volver, regresar
    to return home: regresar a casa
    2) reappear: reaparecer, resurgir
    3) answer: responder
    return vt
    1) replace, restore: devolver, volver (a poner), restituir
    to return something to its place: volver a poner algo en su lugar
    2) yield: producir, redituar, rendir
    3) repay: pagar, devolver
    to return a compliment: devolver un cumplido
    return adj
    : de vuelta
    1) returning: regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m
    2) or tax return : declaración f de impuestos
    3) yield: rédito m, rendimiento m, ganancia f
    4) returns npl
    data, results: resultados mpl, datos mpl
    adj.
    • de vuelta adj.
    n.
    • devolución s.f.
    • reaparición s.f.
    • regreso s.m.
    • renta s.f.
    • restitución s.f.
    • retorno s.m.
    • rédito s.m.
    • torna s.f.
    • tornada s.f.
    • volver s.m.
    • vuelta s.f.
    v.
    • devolver v.
    • regresar v.
    • restituir v.
    • retornar v.
    • tornar v.
    • volver v.

    I
    1. rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn
    a) ( go back)

    to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

    to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

    b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)
    b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

    to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

    c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*
    2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir
    3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

    II
    1) u
    a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

    on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

    b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m
    c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

    many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

    2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

    by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

    4) u c ( profit)
    5) c
    a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)
    b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl
    6) c ( Sport) devolución f
    7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

    III
    adjective (before n)
    a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

    by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

    b) ( Sport) de vuelta
    [rɪ'tɜːn]
    1. N
    1) (=going/coming back) vuelta f, regreso m

    the return home — la vuelta or el regreso a casa

    the return to school — la vuelta or el regreso al colegio

    he advocates a return to Victorian values — aboga por una vuelta or un regreso a los valores victorianos

    their return to power — su vuelta or retorno al poder

    many happy returns (of the day)! — ¡feliz cumpleaños!, ¡felicidades!

    on my return — a mi vuelta, a mi regreso

    by return (of) post or (US) by return mail — a vuelta de correo

    point 1., 5)
    2) (=reappearance) [of symptoms, pain] reaparición f ; [of doubts, fears] resurgimiento m

    there was no return of the symptoms — los síntomas no volvieron a aparecer, los síntomas no reaparecieron

    3) (=giving back) [of thing taken away] devolución f, restitución f frm; [of thing borrowed] devolución f ; (Comm) [of merchandise] devolución f ; [of money] reembolso m, devolución f

    they are demanding the return of their lands — exigen la devolución or frm la restitución de sus tierras

    sale
    4) (=thing returned) (Comm) (=merchandise) devolución f ; (=theatre, concert ticket) devolución f, entrada f devuelta; (=library book) libro m devuelto

    it's sold out but you might get a return on the night — se han agotado las localidades, pero puede que consiga una entrada devuelta or una devolución la misma noche de la función

    5) (Econ) (=profit) ganancia f ; (from investments, shares) rendimiento m
    diminishing, rate I, 1., 4)
    6) (=reward, exchange)
    7) returns (=figures) estadísticas fpl ( for de); (=election results) resultados mpl (del escrutinio)

    early returns show Dos Santos with 52% of the vote — los primeros resultados del escrutinio muestran que Dos Santos tiene un 52% de los votos

    tax 3.
    8) (=answer) (in surveys) respuesta f, declaración f
    9) (Parl) [of member] (=election) elección f ; (=reelection) reelección f
    10) (also: return ticket) billete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex); day
    11) (Sport) devolución f

    return of serve or service — devolución f del servicio or saque, resto m

    12) = return key
    13) = carriage return
    2. VT
    1) (=give back) [+ item] devolver, regresar (LAm), restituir frm; [+ favour, sb's visit, telephone call, blow] devolver; [+ kindness, love] corresponder a; [+ greeting, look, gaze] devolver, responder a

    to return fire — (Mil) devolver el fuego, responder a los disparos

    2) (=put back) volver a colocar
    3) (Sport) [+ ball] devolver; (Tennis) devolver, restar; (Bridge) [+ suit of cards] devolver
    4) (=declare) [+ income, details] declarar

    to return a verdict — emitir or pronunciar un veredicto, emitir un fallo

    they returned a verdict of guilty/not guilty — lo declararon culpable/inocente

    5) (Pol) (=elect) elegir, votar a; (=reelect) reelegir
    6) (Econ) [+ profit, income] reportar, rendir
    7) (=reply) responder, contestar
    3. VI
    1) (=go/come back) volver, regresar

    he left home, never to return — se marchó de casa, para no volver or regresar jamás

    to return home — volver or regresar a casa

    to return to — [+ place] volver or regresar a; [+ activity, state] volver a

    I returned to my hotel — volví or regresé a mi hotel

    to return to what we were talking about,... — volviendo al asunto del que estábamos hablando,...

    2) (=reappear) [symptoms] volver a aparecer, reaparecer; [doubts, fears, suspicions] volver a surgir, resurgir
    3) (Jur) revertir (to a)

    on my father's death the farm returned to my brother — al morir mi padre, la granja revirtió a mi hermano

    4.
    CPD [journey, flight] de regreso, de vuelta

    return address N — señas fpl del remitente

    return fare N — billete m de ida y vuelta, billete m redondo (Mex)

    return flight N — (Brit) (=journey back) (vuelo m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (vuelo m de) ida y vuelta f

    return game N — = return match

    return journey N — (Brit) (=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

    return key N — (Comput) tecla f de retorno

    return match N — (Brit) (Sport) partido m de vuelta

    return ticket N — (Brit) billete m de ida y vuelta or (Mex) redondo

    return trip N — (=journey back) (viaje m de) vuelta f ; (=two-way journey) (viaje m de) ida y vuelta f

    return visit N — (=repeat visit) nueva visita f

    * * *

    I
    1. [rɪ'tɜːrn, rɪ'tɜːn]
    a) ( go back)

    to return (TO something) — ( to a place) volver* or regresar (a algo); (to former activity, state) volver* (a algo)

    to return to what we were saying earlier,... — volviendo a lo que decíamos anteriormente,...

    b) ( reappear) \<\<symptom\>\> volver* a aparecer, presentarse de nuevo; \<\<doubts/suspicions\>\> resurgir*

    2.
    vt
    1)
    a) ( give back) devolver*, regresar (AmL exc CS), restituir* (frml)
    b) ( reciprocate) \<\<affection\>\> corresponder a; \<\<blow/favor\>\> devolver*; \<\<greeting\>\> devolver*, corresponder a

    to return somebody's call — devolverle* la llamada a alguien

    c) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> devolver*
    2) ( Law) \<\<verdict\>\> emitir
    3) ( Govt) \<\<candidate\>\> ( re-elect) reelegir*; ( elect) (BrE) elegir*

    II
    1) u
    a) ( to place) regreso m, vuelta f, retorno m (frml o liter)

    on his return — a su regreso, a su vuelta

    b) (to former activity, state) vuelta f, retorno m
    c) ( reappearance) reaparición f

    many happy returns of the day! — feliz cumpleaños!, que cumplas muchos más!

    2) u c ( to owner) devolución f, regreso m (AmL); ( of thing bought) devolución f

    by return (of post) — (BrE) a vuelta de correo

    4) u c ( profit)
    5) c
    a) ( tax return) declaración f (de la renta or de impuestos)
    b) returns pl ( data) datos mpl; ( figures) cifras fpl
    6) c ( Sport) devolución f
    7) c ( ticket) (BrE) boleto m or (Esp) billete m or (Col) tiquete m de ida y vuelta, boleto m de viaje redondo (Méx)

    III
    adjective (before n)
    a) <journey/flight> de vuelta, de regreso; <ticket/fare> (BrE) de ida y vuelta, de viaje redondo (Méx)

    by return mail — (AmE) a vuelta de correo

    b) ( Sport) de vuelta

    English-spanish dictionary > return

  • 9 reprendre

    reprendre [ʀ(ə)pʀɑ̃dʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 58
    1. transitive verb
       a. [+ ville, prisonnier] to recapture ; [+ employé, objet prêté] to take back
    • passer reprendre qn to go back or come back for sb
       b. [+ plat] to have some more
    • voulez-vous reprendre des légumes ? would you like some more vegetables?
       c. ( = retrouver) [+ espoir, droits, forces] to regain
    • reprendre confiance/courage to regain one's confidence/courage
    • reprendre haleine or son souffle to get one's breath back
       d. [+ marchandise] to take back ; (contre un nouvel achat) to take in part exchange ; [+ fonds de commerce, entreprise] to take over
       e. ( = recommencer, poursuivre) [+ travaux, études, fonctions, lutte] to resume ; [+ livre, lecture] to go back to ; [+ conversation, récit] to carry on with ; [+ promenade] to continue ; [+ hostilités] to reopen ; [+ pièce de théâtre] to put on again
    • reprendre la route [voyageur] to set off again ; [routier] to go back on the road again
    • reprendre le travail (après maladie, grève) to go back to work ; (après le repas) to get back to work
       f. ( = saisir à nouveau) ses douleurs l'ont repris he is in pain again
    • ça le reprend ! there he goes again!
       g. ( = attraper à nouveau) to catch again
    • que je ne t'y reprenne pas ! (menace) don't let me catch you doing that again!
       h. ( = retoucher) [+ tableau] to touch up ; [+ article, chapitre] to go over again ; [+ manteau] to alter ; (trop grand) to take in ; (trop petit) to let out ; (trop long) to take up ; (trop court) to let down
       i. [+ élève] to correct ; (pour faute de langue) to pull up
       j. [+ refrain] to take up
       k. [+ idée, suggestion] to use again
    2. intransitive verb
       a. [plante] to recover ; [affaires] to pick up
       b. [bruit, pluie, incendie, grève] to start again ; [fièvre, douleur] to come back again
    • l'école reprend or les cours reprennent le 5 septembre school starts again on 5 September
       c. ( = dire) « ce n'est pas moi », reprit-il "it's not me," he went on
    3. reflexive verb
       a. ( = se corriger) to correct o.s. ; ( = s'interrompre) to stop o.s.
    • il allait plaisanter, il s'est repris à temps he was going to make a joke but he stopped himself in time
       c. ( = se ressaisir) to get a grip on o.s.
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)pʀɑ̃dʀ
    1.

    reprendre du pain/vin — to have some more bread/wine

    2) ( prendre de nouveau) to pick [something] up again [objet, outil]; to take [something] back [cadeau, objet prêté]; to recapture [ville, fugitif]; to go back on [parole, promesse]; ( aller chercher) to pick [somebody/something] up, to collect [personne, voiture]

    reprendre sa place — ( son siège) to go back to one's seat

    3) ( accepter de nouveau) to take [somebody] on again [employé]; Commerce to take [something] back [article]; ( contre un nouvel achat) to take [something] in part GB ou partial US exchange
    4) ( recommencer) to resume [promenade, récit, fonctions, études]; to pick up [something] again, to go back to [journal, tricot]; to take up [something] again [lutte]; to revive [pièce, tradition]

    reprendre le travail — (après un congé, une grève) to go back to work

    tu reprends le train à quelle heure? — ( de retour) what time is your train back?

    5) ( acquérir) to take over [cabinet, commerce, entreprise]

    on ne me reprendra plus à lui rendre service! — you won't catch me doing him/her any favours [BrE] again!

    7) ( recouvrer)
    8) ( retoucher) to alter [vêtement, couture]
    9) ( utiliser de nouveau) to take up [idée, politique]
    10) ( répéter) to repeat [argument]; to take up [slogan, chant]

    reprenons à la vingtième mesure — Musique let's take it again from bar 20

    reprendre la leçon précédente — École to go over the previous lesson again

    11) ( corriger) to correct [élève]
    12) ( resurgir)

    voilà que ça le reprend! — (colloq) there he goes again!


    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( retrouver sa vigueur) [commerce, affaires] to pick up again; [plante] to recover
    2) ( recommencer) [cours, bombardements] to start again; [négociations] to resume

    nos émissions reprendront à 7 heures — Radio, Télévision we shall be back on the air at 7 o'clock

    3) ( continuer)

    ‘c'est bien étrange,’ reprit-il — ‘it's very strange,’ he continued


    3.
    se reprendre verbe pronominal
    1) ( se corriger) to correct oneself
    2) ( se ressaisir) [personne] to pull oneself together
    * * *
    ʀ(ə)pʀɑ̃dʀ
    1. vt
    1) [prisonnier, ville] to recapture
    2) [objet prêté, donné] to take back

    Il a repris son livre. — He's taken his book back.

    3) (= chercher)

    je viendrai te reprendre à 4 h — I'll come and fetch you at 4, I'll come back for you at 4

    4) (= se resservir de)

    reprendre du pain — to take more bread, to have more bread

    reprendre un œuf — to take another egg, to have another egg

    5) COMMERCE (= racheter) [article usagé] to take back, (sous condition d'achat) to take in part exchange, [firme, entreprise] to take over
    6) (après une interruption) [travail, promenade] to resume, [rôle, poste] to take up again

    reprendre la route — to resume one's journey, to set off again

    7) (= emprunter) [argument, idée] to take up, to use
    8) [article] to rework
    9) [jupe] to alter
    10) [émission, pièce] to put on again
    11) [chanson, refrain] to take up again
    12) [personne] (= corriger) to correct, to pick up, (= réprimander) to tell off

    Elle le reprend sur les fautes qu'il fait le plus souvent. — She picks him up on the mistakes he makes most often., She corrects him on the mistakes he makes most often.

    Elle le reprend constamment. — She's always telling him off.

    13) (= recouvrer)

    reprendre connaissance — to come to, to regain consciousness

    reprendre haleine; reprendre son souffle — to get one's breath back

    2. vi
    1) [classes, pluie] to start again, [activités, travaux, combats] to resume, to start again

    La réunion reprendra à deux heures. — The meeting will resume at two o'clock., The meeting will start again at two o'clock.

    2) [affaires, industrie] to pick up
    3) (= dire)
    * * *
    reprendre verb table: prendre
    A vtr
    1 ( se resservir) reprendre du pain/vin to have some more bread/wine; je reprendrais bien de ce ragoût I would love some more (of that) stew; reprenez un peu de poulet have some more chicken; j'en ai repris deux fois I had three helpings;
    2 ( prendre de nouveau) to pick up again [objet, outil]; to take [sth] back [cadeau, objet prêté]; to retake, to recapture [ville]; to recapture [fugitif]; to go back on [parole, promesse]; ( aller chercher) to pick [sb/sth] up, to collect [personne, voiture]; il reprit son balai et continua son travail he picked up his broom again and carried on GB ou continued with his work; tu passes me reprendre à quelle heure? what time will you come back for me?; reprendre sa place ( son siège) to go back to one's seat; reprendre sa place de numéro un/deux to regain one's position as number one/two; j'ai repris les kilos que j'avais perdus I've put back on the weight I'd lost; reprendre son nom de jeune fille to revert to one's maiden name;
    3 ( accepter de nouveau) to take [sb] on again [employé]; to take [sb] back [mari, élève]; Comm to take [sth] back [article]; ( contre un nouvel achat) to take [sth] in part GB ou partial US exchange; si on me reprend ma vieille voiture if I can trade in my old car, if they take my old car in part exchange; les marchandises ne sont ni reprises ni échangées goods cannot be returned or exchanged;
    4 ( recommencer) to resume, to continue [promenade, récit, conversation]; to pick up [sth] again, to go back to [journal, tricot]; to take up [sth] again, to resume [fonctions, études]; to take up [sth] again [lutte]; to reopen [hostilités]; to revive [pièce, opéra, tradition]; reprendre le travail or son service (après un congé, une grève) to go back to work; on quitte à midi et on reprend à 14 heures we stop at 12 and start again at 2; ils ont repris les travaux de rénovation the renovation work has started again ou has resumed; reprendre sa lecture to go back to one's book, to resume one's reading; reprendre (le chemin de) l'école to go back to school; on reprend le bateau ce soir ( après une escale) we're sailing again tonight; ( pour le retour) we're sailing back tonight; tu reprends le train à quelle heure? ( de retour) what time is your train back?; reprendre la parole to start speaking again; reprendre le fil de son discours/ses pensées to carry on with one's speech/one's original train of thought; reprendre le fil de la conversation to pick up the thread of conversation; reprendre une histoire au début to go back to the beginning of a story; reprendre les arguments un à un to go over the arguments one by one;
    5 ( acquérir) to take over [cabinet, commerce, entreprise]; reprendre une affaire à son compte to take over a firm, to take a firm over;
    6 ( surprendre de nouveau) reprendre qn à faire qch to catch sb doing sth again; que je ne t'y reprenne plus! don't let me catch you doing that again!; on ne m'y reprendra plus you won't catch me doing that again; on ne me reprendra plus à lui rendre service! you won't catch me doing him/her any favoursGB again!;
    7 ( recouvrer) reprendre confiance to regain one's confidence; reprendre ses vieilles habitudes to get back into one's old ways; la nature reprend ses droits nature reasserts itself; elle a repris sa liberté she's a free woman again; ⇒ bête;
    8 ( retoucher) to alter [vêtement, couture]; Constr to repair [mur]; reprendre le travail de qn to correct sb's work; reprendre cinq centimètres en longueur/largeur Cout to take sth up/in 5 cm; il y a tout à reprendre dans ce chapitre the whole chapter needs re-writing;
    9 ( utiliser de nouveau) to take up [idée, thèse, politique]; Littérat to re-work [intrigue, thème]; reprendre une thèse à son compte to adopt a theory as one's own;
    10 ( répéter) to repeat [argument]; to take up [slogan, chant]; reprenons à la vingtième mesure Mus let's take it again from bar 20; reprendre la leçon précédente Scol to go over the previous lesson again; tous les médias ont repris la nouvelle all the media took up the report; pour reprendre le vieil adage as the saying goes;
    11 ( corriger) to correct [élève]; ( pour langage grossier) to pull [sb] up; permettez-moi de vous reprendre excuse me, but that is not correct;
    12 ( resurgir) mon mal de dents m'a repris my toothache has come back; la jalousie le reprend he's feeling jealous again; les soupçons le reprirent he began to feel suspicious again; voilà que ça le reprend○! iron there he goes again!
    B vi
    1 ( retrouver sa vigueur) [commerce, affaires] to pick up again; [plante] to recover, to pick up; les affaires ont du mal à reprendre business is only picking up slowly; mon camélia reprend bien ( après une maladie) my camellia is recovering nicely; ( après transplantation) my camellia has taken nicely; la vie reprend peu à peu life is gradually getting back to normal;
    2 ( recommencer) [école, cours, bombardement, bruit, pluie] to start again; [négociations] to resume; le froid a repris it's turned cold again; la pluie a repris it's started raining again; nos émissions reprendront à 7 heures Radio, TV we shall be back at 7 o'clock;
    3 ( continuer) ‘c'est bien étrange,’ reprit-il ‘it's very strange,’ he continued.
    1 ( se corriger) to correct oneself; se reprendre à temps to stop oneself in time;
    2 ( se ressaisir) [personne] to pull oneself together; Fin [action, titre] to rally, to pick up;
    3 ( recommencer) s'y reprendre à trois fois pour faire qch to make three attempts to do ou at doing sth; j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois pour allumer le feu it took me several attempts to get the fire going; il se reprend à penser/espérer que c'est possible he's gone back to thinking/hoping it might be possible; se reprendre à craindre le pire to begin to fear the worst again.
    [rəprɑ̃dr] verbe transitif
    1. [saisir à nouveau - objet] to pick up (separable) again, to take again
    2. [s'emparer à nouveau de - position, ville] to retake, to recapture ; [ - prisonnier] to recapture, to catch again
    3. [suj: maladie, doutes] to take hold of again
    ça y est, ça le reprend! there he goes again!
    4. [aller rechercher - personne] to pick up (separable) ; [ - objet] to get back (separable), to collect
    [remporter] to take back (separable)
    tu peux reprendre ton parapluie, je n'en ai plus besoin I don't need your umbrella anymore, you can take it back
    je te reprendrai à la sortie de l'école I'll pick you up ou I'll collect you ou I'll come and fetch you after school
    5. [réengager - employé] to take ou to have back (separable)
    [réadmettre - élève] to take ou to have back
    6. [retrouver - un état antérieur] to go back to
    reprendre courage to regain ou to recover courage
    si tu le fais sécher à plat, il reprendra sa forme if you dry it flat, it'll regain its shape ou it'll get its shape back
    7. [à table]
    [chez un commerçant] to have ou to take more (of)
    8. [recommencer, se remettre à - recherche, combat] to resume ; [ - projet] to take up again ; [ - enquête] to restart, to reopen ; [ - lecture] to go back to, to resume ; [ - hostilités] to resume, to reopen ; [ - discussion, voyage] to resume, to carry on (with), to continue
    reprendre ses études to take up one's studies again, to resume one's studies
    je reprends l'école le 15 septembre I start school again ou I go back to school on September 15th
    a. [après des vacances] to go back to work, to start work again
    b. [après une pause] to get back to work, to start work again
    c. [après une grève] to go back to work
    reprendre la plume/la caméra/le pinceau to take up one's pen/movie camera/brush once more
    reprendre la route ou son chemin to set off again, to resume one's journey
    9. [répéter - texte] to read again ; [ - argument, passage musical] to repeat ; [ - refrain] to take up (separable)
    a. [que j'avais déjà chanté] when I took on the part of Tosca again
    b. [que je n'avais jamais chanté] when I took on ou over the part of Tosca
    [récapituler - faits] to go over (inseparable) again
    10. [dire] to go ou to carry on
    "et lui?", reprit-elle "what about him?" she went on
    11. COMMERCE [article refusé] to take back (separable)
    nous vous reprenons votre vieux salon pour tout achat de plus de 2000 euros your old lounge suite accepted in part exchange for any purchase over 2,000 euros
    ils m'ont repris ma voiture pour 1000 euros I traded my car in for 1,000 euros
    [prendre à son compte - cabinet, boutique] to take over (separable)
    12. [adopter - idée, programme politique] to take up (separable)
    13. [modifier - texte] to rework, to go over (inseparable) again ; [ - peinture] to touch up (separable)
    c'était parfait, je n'ai rien eu à reprendre it was perfect, I didn't have to make a single correction ou alteration
    COUTURE [généralement] to alter
    [rétrécir] to take in
    [en tricot]
    14. [réprimander] to pull up, to reprimand (soutenu), to tell off (separable)
    [corriger] to correct, to pull up (separable)
    15. [surprendre]
    ————————
    [rəprɑ̃dr] verbe intransitif
    1. [s'améliorer - affaires] to improve, to recover, to pick ou to look up
    [repousser - plante] to pick up, to recover
    2. [recommencer - lutte] to start (up) again, to resume ; [ - pluie, vacarme] to start (up) again ; [ - cours, école] to start again, to resume ; [ - feu] to rekindle ; [ - fièvre, douleur] to return, to start again
    3. [retourner au travail - employé] to start again
    ————————
    se reprendre verbe pronominal intransitif
    [retrouver son calme] to settle down
    2. SPORT [au cours d'un match] to make a recovery, to rally
    après un mauvais début de saison, il s'est très bien repris he started the season badly but has come back strongly ou has staged a good comeback
    3. [se ressaisir - après une erreur] to correct oneself
    ————————
    se reprendre à verbe pronominal plus préposition

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > reprendre

  • 10 return

    rə'tə:n 1. verb
    1) (to come or go back: He returns home tomorrow; He returned to London from Paris yesterday; The pain has returned.) komme/gå/vende tilbake
    2) (to give, send, put etc (something) back where it came from: He returned the book to its shelf; Don't forget to return the books you borrowed.) returnere, levere tilbake
    3) (I'll return to this topic in a minute.) komme tilbake til
    4) (to do (something) which has been done to oneself: She hit him and he returned the blow; He said how nice it was to see her again, and she returned the compliment.) gjengjelde
    5) ((of voters) to elect (someone) to Parliament.) velge til parlament(et)
    6) ((of a jury) to give (a verdict): The jury returned a verdict of not guilty.) avgi kjennelse
    7) ((in tennis etc) to hit (a ball) back to one's opponent: She returned his serve.) sende tilbake, returnere
    2. noun
    1) (the act of returning: On our return, we found the house had been burgled; ( also adjective) a return journey.) tilbakekomst; tilbakereise/-tur
    2) (especially in United Kingdom, a round-trip ticket, a return ticket: Do you want a single or a return?) tur-returbillett
    •
    - return match
    - return ticket
    - by return of post
    - by return
    - in return for
    - in return
    - many happy returns of the day
    - many happy returns
    avkastning
    --------
    retur
    --------
    returnere
    --------
    svare
    --------
    tilbaketur
    --------
    utbytte
    I
    subst. \/rɪˈtɜːn\/
    1) hjemkomst, hjemreise, tilbakereise, tilbaketur, gjenkomst
    2) retur-, tilbake-
    3) tilbakelevering, tilbakesending, returnering, returforsendelse
    4) tilbakebetaling
    5) ( også return ticket) tur-retur-billett
    6) ( medisin) tilbakefall (av sykdom)
    • unfortunately, Tim's had a return
    7) gjengjeldelse, lønn, gjengjeld, vederlag
    8) ( sport) retur(ball)
    9) ( økonomi) avkastning, utbytte
    10) (ligningsvesen, også income-tax return)
    selvangivelse
    12) (offisiell) melding, rapport, (inn)beretning
    13) ( kortspill) svar (på invitt)
    14) ( elektronikk) returledning
    15) ( arkitektur) sidefløy (på bygning), knekk, vinkel
    16) (tastatur, også return key) returtast (for linjeskift)
    be at the point of no return være ved et punkt der det er ingen vei tilbake
    get a return for one's money få valuta for pengene
    in return til gjengjeld, som lønn for strevet
    in return for til gjengjeld for, som betaling for
    in return to som svar på
    the law of diminishing returns ( økonomi) loven om avtagende utbytte
    make one's return of income fylle ut selvangivelsen
    on sale or\/& return med returrett, på kommisjonsbasis
    play someone a return hevne seg på noen
    the point of no return så langt at det er for sent å snu, så langt at det ikke er noen vei tilbake
    return a blow slå tilbake
    returns ( handel) inntekter, omsetning ( handel) retur, returgods gratulasjoner
    • many happy returns of the day!
    statistiske opplysninger, statistikk, resultat
    II
    verb \/rɪˈtɜːn\/
    1) vende tilbake, gå tilbake, komme igjen, returnere
    2) returnere, gi tilbake, levere tilbake, sende tilbake
    3) sette\/legge tilbake på plass
    4) ( om lys eller lyd) kaste tilbake, reflektere
    5) tilbakebetale, betale tilbake
    • have you returned your loan?
    6) besvare, gjengjelde
    7) ( sport) slå tilbake, sende tilbake, gi retur, returnere
    8) ( økonomi) kaste av seg, innbringe
    • the sale returned a profit of £400
    salget innbrakte et overskudd på £400
    9) anmelde, rapportere, oppgi, erklære
    • have you returned the details of your income yet?
    • the doctor returned his income at £5,000
    10) svare, gi svar tilbake, avgi (svar), avlegge (rapport)
    12) (jus, om kjennelse eller dom) avgi, avsi
    13) ( kortspill) svare på en melding, svare på en invitt
    14) ( EDB) returnere, hoppe tilbake
    but to return men, for å komme tilbake til saken
    return a verdict avsi en dom
    return good for evil gjengjelde ondt med godt, lønne ondt med godt
    return like for like gi\/ta igjen med samme mynt
    return someone guilty erklære noen skyldig, finne noen skyldig
    return to dust bli til støv igjen
    return to oneself komme til seg selv igjen
    return to (the) sender ( på brev) returneres til avsenderen, ettersendes ikke

    English-Norwegian dictionary > return

  • 11 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 12 difícil

    adj.
    difficult, tough, arduous, cumbersome.
    Un trabajo difícil [duro] A stiff job.
    * * *
    1 difficult, hard
    2 (improbable) unlikely
    ■ es difícil que nos encontremos allí it's unlikely that we'll meet there, we're unlikely to meet there
    * * *
    adj.
    difficult, hard
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=complicado) [problema] difficult; [tiempos, vida] difficult, hard; [situación] difficult, delicate

    me resulta muy difícil decidir — I find it very hard to decide, I have great difficulty in deciding

    2) [persona] difficult
    3) * [cara] ugly
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex. It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex. Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex. It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex. As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex. The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex. Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex. The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex. And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex. It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex. Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex. Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex. This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex. The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex. The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    ----
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).
    * * *
    1)
    a) [ser] <problema/situación> difficult; < examen> hard, difficult

    me fue muy difícil decírselo — it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him

    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas — it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses

    difícil de + inf — difficult o hard to + inf

    b) [estar] (fam)
    2) [ser] ( poco probable) unlikely

    es posible pero lo veo difícil — it's possible, but I don't think it's very likely

    3) [ser] <persona/carácter> difficult
    * * *
    = arduous, demanding, difficult, intractable, laborious, painful, taxing, tough [tougher -comp., toughest -sup.], thorny [thornier -comp., thorniest -sup.], delicate, tortuous, hardscrabble, obstinate, bumpy, dicey [dicier -comp., diciest -sup.], uphill, problematic, problematical, hard [harder -comp., hardest -sup.].

    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.

    Ex: It is clear to me that they face a professional role that will be far more complicated and far more demanding that the one we have known.
    Ex: It's already difficult to find a lot of these things as it is, but it would be absolute irresponsibility to go to a title-main entry.
    Ex: Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: The next step was a rather painful, laborious manual effort.
    Ex: It is difficult to remember the special interests of more than a few people, and hence rather taxing to provide SDI manually to more than a handful of users.
    Ex: As educators, then, we need to ask ourselves some very tough questions -- some to which we would rather not hear the answers.
    Ex: The article 'The comfortable pew is a thorny throne' reviews the technological, political, philosophical, professional and educational issues associated with filtering access to information.
    Ex: Despite the incompetence of most eighteenth-century block-makers, woodcuts never quite disappeared, and they returned to favour in the delicate form called 'wood-engraving' at the end of the hand-press period.
    Ex: The promulgation of Community law represents the culmination of an often tortuous legal process whose main features are laid down in the Treaty of Rome.
    Ex: And so, from its hardscrabble beginnings to immediate time, Wexler has lead a varied existence, changing from shipping point for fruit to resting place for travelers = Y por lo tanto, desde sus comienzos difíciles hasta el presente, Wexler ha llevado una vida variada, pasando de ser un centro de recepción y envío de fruta a un lugar de descanso para los viajeros.
    Ex: It is not wise, by the way, to approach the author by telephone for this puts him on the spot and he may refuse simply in self-defense and especially if you happen to butt in when he is struggling with an obstinate chapter in a new book.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The big bumpy shift: digital music via the Internet'.
    Ex: Predicting the future is dicey.
    Ex: Promoters of this tax will have an uphill fight and the cultural objections will be very great.
    Ex: This attitude is based on the waste bin decision process widely used in political and educational organisations, which tend to have open-ended goals, problematic preferences, hazy technology, and poor feeback.
    Ex: The manufacture of these high-density chips is problematical.
    Ex: The amount of stuffing in the balls was varied to suit the nature of the work; large, soft balls with weak ink were used for low-grade work; small, hard balls and strong ink for work of better quality.
    * ahorrar para cuando lleguen tiempos difíciles = save for + a rainy day.
    * algo muy difícil = a tough sell.
    * aprender de la forma más difícil = learn + the hard way.
    * aunque parezca difícil = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * cuestión difícil = poser.
    * de difícil solución = intractable.
    * de la forma más difícil = the hard way.
    * difícil de aceptar = hard to swallow.
    * difícil de agradar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de complacer = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de comprender = difficult to understand.
    * difícil de conseguir = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de contentar = choosy [choosey] [choosier -comp., choosiest -sup.].
    * difícil de descifrar = cryptic.
    * difícil de distinguir = indistinguishable.
    * difícil de encontrar = hard-to-find.
    * difícil de entender = cryptic.
    * difícil de gestionar = unmanageable.
    * difícil de gestionar + Adjetivo = unmanageably + Adjetivo.
    * difícil de hacer = hard to do.
    * difícil de localizar = irretraceable.
    * difícil de manejar = clumsy [clumsier -comp., clumsiest -sup.], unwieldy.
    * difícil de masticar = chewy [chewier -comp., chewiest -sup.].
    * difícil de obtener = hard to come by, difficult to come by.
    * difícil de seguir = heavy going.
    * difícil de sustituir = hard to replace.
    * difícil de tratar = unruly.
    * empezar por lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en circunstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * encontrar Algo demasiado difícil = be out of + Posesivo + league.
    * encontrar Algo difícil = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.
    * encontrar difícil de explicar = be hard put to explain.
    * encontrar difícil + Infinitivo = find it hard to + Infinitivo.
    * encontrar muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * enfrascado en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * enfrascar a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * enfrascarse en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end, plunge in at + the deep end.
    * en tiempos difíciles = in times of need.
    * hacer difícil = make + it + difficult, make + difficult.
    * hacerlo difícil de + Infinitivo = make + it + hard to + Infinitivo.
    * mecanismo de reducción de situaciones difíciles = threat-reduction mechanism.
    * meter a Alguien de lleno en lo más difícil = throw in + at the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = plunge in at + the deep end.
    * meterse de lleno en lo más difícil = swim in + the deep end, jump in at + the deep end.
    * metido en lo más difícil = in at the deep end.
    * muy difícil de traducir = defy + translation.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * pregunta difícil = poser.
    * pregunta difícil de responder = awkward-to-handle enquiry.
    * problema difícil = poser.
    * problema difícil de resolver = tough nut to crack, hard nut to crack, brain tickler.
    * resultar difícil de conseguir = prove + elusive.
    * ser Algo demasiado difícil para = be in over + Posesivo + head, be out of + Posesivo + depth.
    * ser difícil = be a stretch.
    * ser difícil de bregar = be a (real) handful.
    * ser difícil de conseguir = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de creer = beggar + belief.
    * ser difícil de encontrar = be hard to find.
    * ser difícil de lograr = be hard to get.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * ser muy difícil = be hard-pushed to.
    * situación difícil = hardship.
    * tarea difícil = hard task.
    * tarea muy difícil = uphill struggle.
    * tenerlo difícil = not be easy.
    * tiempos difíciles = embattled time(s).

    * * *
    A
    1 [ SER] ‹problema/tema/situación› difficult
    el examen fue muy difícil the exam was very hard o difficult
    es un problema difícil it's a tricky o difficult problem
    corren tiempos difíciles para nuestra economía this is a difficult time for our economy
    con tu actitud me lo estás poniendo más difícil you're not making it any easier for me o you're making it harder for me by being like that
    no creo que gane, lo tiene muy difícil I don't think she'll win, she's in a difficult position
    me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him
    resulta difícil evaluar las pérdidas it is difficult o hard to put a figure on the losses
    cada vez se hace más difícil encontrar un buen empleo it is becoming more and more difficult o it's becoming harder and harder to get a good job
    difícil DE + INF difficult o hard to + INF
    mi madre es muy difícil de complacer my mother is very hard o difficult to please
    2 [ ESTAR] ( fam):
    está la cosa difícil things are pretty difficult o tricky ( colloq)
    B [ SER]
    (poco probable): es posible pero lo veo difícil it's possible, but I think it's unlikely o I don't think it's very likely
    difícil QUE + SUBJ:
    va a ser muy difícil que acepte it's very unlikely that he'll accept
    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win, I think it's unlikely that she'll win
    C [ SER] ‹persona/carácter› difficult
    un niño difícil a difficult child
    * * *

     

    difícil adjetivo
    1
    a) ‹problema/situación› difficult;

    ‹ examen› hard, difficult;
    ◊ me fue muy difícil decírselo it was very hard o difficult for me to tell him;

    es difícil de hacer/entender it's difficult o hard to do/understand
    b) ‹persona/carácter› difficult

    2 ( poco probable) unlikely;

    veo difícil que gane I doubt if she'll win
    difícil adjetivo
    1 (que cuesta trabajo o esfuerzo intelectual) difficult, hard
    difícil de explicar, difficult to explain
    difícil de soportar, hard to bear
    2 (improbable) unlikely: es difícil que suceda, it is unlikely that that will happen
    3 (una persona) difficult
    ' difícil' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amarre
    - cañón
    - compaginación
    - concienciarse
    - delicada
    - delicado
    - despreocuparse
    - disyuntiva
    - engorrosa
    - engorroso
    - escabrosa
    - escabroso
    - escala
    - espinosa
    - espinoso
    - estrechamiento
    - gustar
    - harta
    - harto
    - hueso
    - impronunciable
    - insensible
    - judicatura
    - lance
    - mas
    - onerosa
    - oneroso
    - papelón
    - respirar
    - sí
    - tocha
    - tocho
    - viabilidad
    - arrecho
    - caprichoso
    - contentar
    - costar
    - creer
    - duro
    - epopeya
    - especial
    - esperar
    - esquivo
    - fregado
    - hacer
    - ingrato
    - jodido
    - malabarismo
    - mancha
    - manchar
    English:
    arduous
    - around
    - awkward
    - beating
    - choose
    - climb
    - concentrate
    - cumbersome
    - desperately
    - difficult
    - distance
    - dodgy
    - elusive
    - embark
    - folly
    - for
    - gap
    - grammar
    - hard
    - hard-won
    - housekeeper
    - immensely
    - injustice
    - lean
    - mess
    - problematic
    - problematical
    - realize
    - replacement
    - ruggedness
    - scramble
    - shake off
    - situation
    - so
    - sticky
    - stiff
    - surely
    - think ahead
    - to
    - tough
    - tricky
    - trying
    - agonizing
    - deep
    - demanding
    - going
    - increasingly
    - keep
    - likely
    - plight
    * * *
    1. [complicado] difficult;
    va a ser difícil encontrar un sitio abierto a estas horas it's going to be difficult o hard to find anywhere that's open at this time;
    son tiempos difíciles these are difficult times;
    pasaron por una situación difícil they went through a difficult period;
    no es difícil imaginar lo que pasó it's not difficult o hard to imagine what happened;
    es una pregunta difícil de responder it's a difficult question to answer;
    hacerse difícil: se hace difícil entender por qué lo hizo it's difficult to understand why she did it;
    se me hace difícil acostumbrarme a madrugar I can't get used to getting up early;
    ponérselo difícil a alguien to make things difficult for sb;
    no me lo pongas difícil don't make things difficult o hard for me;
    serle difícil a alguien: le va a ser muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's going to be very difficult for him to find a job, he's going to find it very difficult to get a job;
    tener difícil algo: tiene muy difícil encontrar trabajo it's very difficult o hard for him to find work
    2. [improbable] unlikely;
    puede ser, aunque me parece difícil maybe, but I think it's unlikely;
    es difícil que ganen they're unlikely to win;
    no es difícil que ocurra it could easily happen
    3. [rebelde] difficult, awkward;
    es un niño muy difícil he's a very awkward o difficult child;
    tener un carácter difícil to be an awkward person, to be difficult to get on with
    * * *
    adj
    1 difficult;
    ponerlo difícil a alguien make it difficult for s.o.;
    difícil de decir hard o difficult to say
    :
    es difícil que venga he’s unlikely to come, it’s unlikely that he’ll come
    * * *
    : difficult, hard
    * * *
    1. (en general) difficult
    2. (improbable) unlikely [comp. unlikelier; superl. unlikeliest]

    Spanish-English dictionary > difícil

  • 13 habría

    = there'd [there would].
    Nota: Contracción de there would.
    Ex. Work flow might even be smoother because there'd be no need to examine each book the moment it's returned to see whether or not it's overdue.
    * * *
    = there'd [there would].
    Nota: Contracción de there would.

    Ex: Work flow might even be smoother because there'd be no need to examine each book the moment it's returned to see whether or not it's overdue.

    Spanish-English dictionary > habría

  • 14 be

    I [biː] гл., прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been
    1) быть; быть живым, жить; существовать

    I think, therefore I am. — Я мыслю, следовательно, существую.

    Tyrants and sycophants have been and are. — Тираны и подхалимы были и есть.

    So much that was not is beginning to be. — Так много из того, чего раньше не было, появляется.

    Content to be and to be well. — Он доволен, что жив, и что у него всё неплохо.

    Syn:
    2) происходить, случаться, иметь место

    Be it as it may. — Будь как будет.

    The flower-show was last week. — На прошлой неделе была выставка цветов.

    Syn:
    take place, happen, occur
    3) занимать (какое-л. место, положение); находиться (где-л.), принимать (какую-л.) позу или позицию

    I'm sorry, Mr Baker is not at home; can I take a message? — Мистера Бейкера нет дома, что-нибудь передать ему?

    Your book is here, under the table. — Да вот твоя книжка, под столом.

    You shall be beside me in the church. — Ты будешь стоять рядом со мной в церкви.

    The bank is between the shoe shop and the post office. — Банк расположен между почтой и обувным магазином.

    The valley where we live is beyond the mountains. — Долина, в которой мы живём, расположена за этими горами.

    Is Mary down yet? Her eggs are getting cold. — Разве Мэри ещё не спустилась (к завтраку)? Её яичница остывает.

    We must try to be away by 8 o'clock. — Нужно попытаться к 8 часам уже уйти.

    There's nobody about, you'd better come back later. — Сейчас никого нет, может быть, вам лучше зайти попозже?

    Jim is about somewhere, if you'd like to wait. — Джим где-то поблизости, вы можете подождать.

    There's a branch above you - can you reach it? — Над тобой ветка, достанешь до неё?

    The captain of a ship is above a seaman. — Звание капитана корабля выше звания матроса.

    Jim was abreast of the leading runner for a few minutes but then fell behind. — Сначала Джим бежал наравне с лидером, но потом отстал.

    When all your toys are away, I will read you a story. — Я почитаю тебе сказку, если ты уберёшь на место все игрушки.

    The hotel is on the upper floors, and the shops are below. — Гостиница расположена на верхних этажах, а магазин - ниже.

    The home of a rabbit is usually beneath the ground. — Кролики обычно роют свои норки в земле.

    Long skirts will be back next year. — В следующем году в моде снова будут длинные юбки.

    So many children are away this week with colds. — На этой неделе многие дети отсутствуют по болезни.

    When I returned from the police station, the jewels were back in their box; the thieves must have got frightened and replaced them. — Когда я вернулась домой из полиции, драгоценности снова были в шкатулке. Должно быть, воры испугались и положили их обратно.

    Your letters are behind the clock, where I always put them. — Твои письма за часами; там, куда я всегда кладу их.

    4) находиться в (каком-л.) состоянии; обладать (каким-л.) качеством

    to be afraid — страшиться, бояться, трусить; опасаться

    to be amazed / astonished — изумляться, удивляться

    to be frightened / startled — пугаться

    to be indignant — негодовать, возмущаться; обижаться, сердиться

    to be slow / tardy — медлить, мешкать; опаздывать, запаздывать; отставать

    to be stuffed — объедаться, переедать

    to be remorseful — раскаиваться; сокрушаться; каяться, сожалеть

    to be in a hurry — спешить, торопиться

    to be lenient — попустительствовать, потакать, потворствовать

    to be mistaken — заблуждаться, ошибаться

    to be at an end — заканчиваться, подходить к концу

    My patience is at an end, I can listen to her complaints no longer. — Моё терпение лопнуло, я больше не могу слушать её жалобы.

    It's quite dark, it must be after 10 o'clock. — Уже довольно темно, сейчас, должно быть, около 10 часов.

    Proposals that have been under deliberation. — Предложения, которые рассматривались.

    5) ( have been) побывать (где-л.)

    Where have you been? I've just been about the town. — Где ты был? Гулял по городу.

    Syn:
    6) оставаться, пребывать (в каком-л. состоянии); не меняться, продолжать быть, как раньше

    Let things be. — Пусть всё будет как есть.

    Syn:

    Being they are Church-men, we may rather suspect... — Имея в виду, что они священники, можно подозревать…

    8) принадлежать (кому-л.), относиться ( к чему-л); сопровождать, сопутствовать

    Well is him that hath (= has) found prudence. — Благо тому, кто стал благоразумен.

    Good fortune be with you. — Пусть удача сопутствует тебе.

    Syn:
    9) (there + личная форма от be) иметься, наличествовать

    There is some cheese in the fridge. — В холодильнике есть немного сыра.

    There are many problems with her essay. — С её эссе много проблем.

    а) означать, значить; быть эквивалентным чему-л.

    To fall was to die. — Упасть означало умереть.

    I'll tell you what it is, you must leave. — Я тебе скажу, в чём дело - тебе уходить пора.

    State is me. — Государство это я.

    Let thinking be reasoning. — Будем считать, что думать значит размышлять.

    б) занимать место в ряду; характеризоваться признаками

    Only by being man can we know man. — Только будучи людьми мы можем познать человека.

    He was of Memphis. — Он был из Мемфиса.

    в) иметь значение, быть значимым

    Is it nothing to you? —Это ничего для тебя не значит?

    11) (if … were / was to do smth.) если бы … имело место ( сослагательное наклонение)

    If I were to propose, would you accept? — Если бы я сделал тебе предложение, ты бы согласилась?

    12) (be to do smth.) быть обязанным сделать (что-л.; выражает долженствование)

    The president is to arrive at 9.30. — Президент должен приехать в 9.30.

    You are not to leave before I say so. — Ты не должен уходить, пока я тебе не разрешу.

    I was this morning to buy silk for a nightcap. — Тем утром мне нужно было сходить купить шёлка на ночной колпак.

    He is to go home. — Он должен пойти домой.

    13) (be + about to do smth.) собираться (сделать что-л.)

    He is about to go. — Он собирается уходить.

    The water is about to boil. — Вода вот-вот закипит.

    Syn:
    14) ( be about) делать, исполнять; заниматься (чем-л.)

    What are you about? I'm about my business. — Чем вы сейчас занимаетесь? У меня свой бизнес.

    15) ( be above) быть безупречным, вне подозрений, выше критики

    Her action during the fire was above reproach. — Её поведение во время пожара было безупречным.

    The chairman's decision is not above criticism. — С решением председателя можно поспорить.

    16) ( be after)
    а) преследовать (кого-л.)

    Why is the dog running so fast? He's after rabbits. — Почему собака так быстро бежит? Она гонится за кроликом.

    Quick, hide me, the police are after me! — Спрячь меня скорее, за мной гонится полиция.

    Jim is after another job. — Джим хочет устроиться на другую работу.

    Don't marry him, he's only after your money. — Не выходи за него замуж, ему нужны только твои деньги.

    She's been after me for a year to buy her a new coat. — Она целый год приставала ко мне, чтобы ей купили новое пальто.

    в) разг. журить, бранить; ругать

    She's always after the children for one thing or another. — Она всегда за что-нибудь ругает детей.

    17) ( be against)
    а) противостоять (кому-л. / чему-л.)

    Driving without seat belts may soon be against the law. — Вести машину непристёгнутым скоро может стать нарушением правил.

    Father was against (his daughter) marrying young. — Отец был против того, чтобы дочь выходила замуж в юном возрасте.

    б) противоречить (чему-л.)

    Lying is against my principles. — Ложь противоречит моим жизненным принципам.

    18) ( be along) приходить

    Jim will be along (to the meeting) in a minute. — Через минуту-другую Джим придёт.

    19) ( be at)
    а) разг. настроиться на (что-л.)
    Syn:
    drive 1. 16)
    б) разг. ругать (кого-л.), нападать на (кого-л.), приставать к (кому-л.)
    в) осуществлять активно (что-л.), посвятить себя (чему-л.)

    Jim has been at his work for hours. — Джим часами сидит за работой.

    г) разг. быть популярным, быть модным

    You must get your clothes in the King's Road, that's where it's at. — Ты можешь отвезти свою одежду на Кинг Роуд, там её оценят по достоинству.

    д) трогать (что-л.) чужое; рыться в (чем-л.)
    Syn:
    meddle 2)
    е) атаковать (кого-л.)

    Our men are ready, sir, all armed and eager to be at the enemy. — Солдаты находятся в боевой готовности, сэр, они все вооружены и жаждут броситься в бой.

    ж) приводить к (чему-л.), заканчиваться (чем-л.)

    What would he be at? - At her, if she's at leisure. — Ну и чего он достигнет? - Будет рядом с ней, если ей захочется.

    20) ( be before) обвиняться, предстать перед (судом, законом)

    Peter has been before the court again on a charge of driving while drunk. — Питер снова предстал перед судом за то, что находился за рулём в нетрезвом состоянии.

    Syn:
    bring 5), go 1. 25)
    21) ( be behind) служить причиной, крыться за (чем-л.), стоять за (чем-л.)

    What's behind his offer? — Интересно, что заставило его сделать такое предложение?

    22) ( be below)
    а) быть ниже (нормы, стандартных требований)

    I'm disappointed in your work; it is below your usual standard. — Я неприятно удивлён результатами вашей работы, обычно вы справляетесь с заданием гораздо лучше.

    б) быть ниже по званию, чину

    A captain is below a major. — Капитан по званию ниже, чем майор.

    By joining the army late, he found that he was below many men much younger than himself. — Довольно поздно вступив на военную службу, он обнаружил, что многие из тех, кто младше его по возрасту, старше по званию.

    23) ( be beneath) быть позорным для (кого-л.); быть ниже (чьго-л.) достоинства

    Cheating at cards is beneath me. — Я считаю ниже своего достоинства жульничать при игре в карты.

    I should have thought it was beneath you to consider such an offer. — Я должен был догадаться, что вы сочтёте недостойным рассматривать подобные предложения.

    24) ( be beyond)
    а) выходить за пределы возможного или ожидаемого; не подлежать (чему-л.), выходить за рамки (чего-л.)

    to be beyond a joke — переставать быть забавным; становиться слишком серьёзным

    Your continual lateness is now beyond a joke; if you're not on time tomorrow, you will be dismissed. — Ваши постоянные опоздания уже перестали быть просто шуткой; если вы и завтра не придёте вовремя, мы вынуждены будем вас уволить.

    Your rudeness is beyond endurance - kindly leave my house! — Ваша грубость становится невыносимой, я бы попросил вас покинуть мой дом!

    The soldier's brave deed was beyond the call of duty. — Храбрый поступок солдата превосходил обычное представление о долге.

    Calling spirits from the dead proved to be beyond the magician's powers. — Вызывать духов умерших людей оказалось за пределами возможностей чародея.

    I'm afraid this old piano is now beyond repair so we'd better get rid of it. — Боюсь, что это старое пианино не подлежит ремонту, и лучше было бы избавиться от него.

    б) превзойти (что-л.)

    The amount of money that I won was beyond all my hopes. — Сумма выигрыша была намного больше того, о чём я мог хотя бы мечтать.

    в) = be beyond one's ken быть слишком сложным для (кого-л.); быть выше (чьего-л.) понимания

    I'm afraid this book's beyond me; have you an easier one? — Мне кажется, что эта книга слишком сложная для меня; у вас нет чего-нибудь попроще?

    It's beyond me which house to choose, they're both so nice! — Я решительно не знаю, какой дом выбрать. Они оба такие красивые!

    The details of different kinds of life insurance are quite beyond my ken, so I have to take the advice of professionals. — Вопросы особенностей и различных видов медицинского страхования слишком трудны для моего понимания. Лучше я обращусь к помощи специалистов.

    Syn:
    get 1. 28)
    25) ( be for) поддерживать (кого-л. / что-л.) ; быть "за" (что-л.), защищать (что-л.)

    I'm for it. — Я за, я поддерживаю.

    You are for the chairman's plan, aren't you? Yes, I'm all for it. — Вы одобряете план, предложенный председателем, не так ли? Да, мне он нравится.

    No, I'm for keeping the old methods. — Нет, я приверженец старых методов.

    Syn:
    26) ( be into) разг. быть заинтересованным в (чём-л.)

    She doesn't eat meat now, she's really into health food. — Она не ест мяса и увлекается здоровой пищей.

    27) ( be off)
    а) не посещать (работу, учёбу); закончить (работу, выполнение обязанностей)

    Jane was off school all last week with her cold. — Джейн всю прошлую неделю не ходила в школу по болезни.

    в) не хотеть, не быть заинтересованным; перестать интересоваться

    Jane has been off her food since she caught a cold. — С тех пор, как Джейн простудилась, ей не хотелось есть.

    I've been off that kind of music for some time now. — Некоторое время мне не хотелось слушать такую музыку.

    28) ( be (up)on)

    Mother has been on that medicine for months, and it doesn't seem to do her any good. — Мама принимает это лекарство уже несколько месяцев, и кажется, что оно ей совсем не помогает.

    I've been on this treatment for some weeks and I must say I do feel better. — Я уже несколько недель принимаю это лекарство и, должен сказать, чувствую себя лучше.

    б) делать ставку на (кого-л. / что-л.)

    My money's on Sam, is yours? — Я поставил на Сэма, а ты?

    Our money's on Northern Dancer to win the third race. — Мы поставили на то, что Северный Танцор выиграет в третьем забеге.

    Syn:
    stake II 2., wager
    в) разг. быть оплаченным (кем-л.)

    Put your money away, this meal is on me. — Убери деньги, я заплачу за обед.

    29) ( be onto)
    а) связаться с (кем-л.; особенно по телефону)

    I've been onto the director, but he says he can't help. — Я разговаривал с директором, но он говорит, что не может помочь.

    б) разг. постоянно просить (кого-л.) о (чём-л.)

    She's been onto me to buy her a new coat for a year. — Она постоянно в течение года просила меня купить ей новое пальто.

    в) разг. открывать, обнаруживать (что-л.)

    Don't think I haven't been onto your little plan for some time. — Не думай, что я не знал какое-то время о твоём плане.

    The police are onto us, we'd better hide. — Полиция знает о нас, уж лучше мы спрячемся.

    30) ( be over) тратить много времени на (что-л.); долго заниматься (чем-л.), долго сидеть над (чем-л.)

    Don't be all night over finishing your book. — Не сиди всю ночь напролёт, заканчивая свою книгу.

    31) ( be past) быть трудным (для понимания, совершения)

    It's past me what he means! — Я совершенно не понимаю, что он имеет в виду.

    I'll save this book till the children are older; it's a little past them at the moment. — Я приберегу эту книгу до тех пор, пока дети немного повзрослеют. Сейчас она слишком сложна для них.

    The old man felt that he was now past going out every day, so he asked some young people to do his shopping. — Пожилой человек почувствовал, что ему становится трудно выходить на улицу каждый день, и он попросил молодых людей покупать ему продукты.

    Syn:
    get 1. 28)
    32) ( be under)
    а) подчиняться (кому-л.)

    The whole army is under the general's command. — Вся армия находится под командованием генерала.

    б) лечиться (у какого-л. врача)

    Jane has been under that doctor for three years. — Джейн в течение трёх лет лечилась у этого врача.

    в) чувствовать влияние, находиться под влиянием (чего-л.)

    When Jim came home singing and shouting, we knew that he was under the influence of drink. — Когда Джим с криками и пением пришёл домой, мы поняли, что он был пьян.

    33) ( be with)
    а) разг. поддерживать (кого-л.)

    We're with you all the way in your fight for equal rights. — Мы от всей души поддерживаем вас в борьбе за равноправие.

    б) разг. понимать и любить (что-л. современное); одобрять

    I'm not with these new fashions, I find them ugly. — Я не понимаю нынешних течений в моде. По-моему, это просто ужасно.

    34) ( be within) принадлежать, являться частью (чего-л.)

    I can answer your question if it's within my competence. — Я могу ответить на ваш вопрос, если это входит в сферу моей компетенции.

    35) ( be without) не хватать, недоставать

    Many homes in Britain were without electricity during parts of the winter. — Временами зимой во многих домах Великобритании отключали электричество.

    •
    - be around
    - be away
    - be behind
    - be below
    - be down
    - be in
    - be inside
    - be off
    - be on
    - be out
    - be over
    - be round
    - be through
    - be up
    ••

    to be down in the dumps / mouth — быть в плохом настроении / нездоровым; быть не в форме

    to be in accord / harmony with smb. — иметь хорошие отношения с (кем-л.); иметь одинаковые вкусы, мнения с (кем-л.)

    to be out in force / large numbers / strength — присутствовать, дежурить на улицах в большом количестве

    - have been and gone and done
    - be above one's head
    - be above oneself
    - be abreast of
    - be all eyes
    - be at a dead end
    - be at a loss
    - be at attention
    - be at each other's throats
    - be at ease
    - be at it
    - be at loggerheads
    - be at pains
    - be behind bars
    - be behind the times
    - be beneath contempt
    - be beneath smb.'s dignity
    - be beneath smb.'s notice
    - be beside oneself
    - be beyond question
    - be beyond redemption
    - be down for the count
    - be down on one's luck
    - be hard up for
    - be hip to
    - be in at the finish
    - be in charge
    - be in collision with
    - be in for smth.
    - be in line with
    - be in on the ground floor
    - be in the chair
    - be in the money
    - be in the way
    - be on full time
    - be on the make
    - be on the point
    - be onto a good thing
    - be over and done with
    - be ahead
    - be amiss     II [biː] вспомогательный глагол; прош. вр. 1 л., 3 л. ед. was, 2 л. ед., мн. were, прич. прош. вр. been

    He was talking of you. — Он говорил о тебе.

    A man who is being listened to. — Человек, которого сейчас слушают.

    2) в сочетании с причастием настоящего времени или инфинитивом выражает будущее действие

    She is visiting there next week. — Она приедет сюда на следующей неделе.

    He is to see me today. — Он сегодня придёт меня повидать.

    The date was fixed. — Дата была зафиксирована.

    His book will be published. — Его книга будет опубликована.

    The political aspect of the subject has not been approached. — Политический аспект проблемы до сих пор не рассматривался.

    4) уст. с причастием прошедшего времени передаёт перфектное значение для непереходных глаголов

    Therefore I am returned. — И поэтому я вернулся.

    His parents were grown old. — Его родители состарились.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > be

  • 15 Miguel I, king

    (1802-1866)
       The third son of King João VI and of Dona Carlota Joaquina, Miguel was barely five years of age when he went to Brazil with the fleeing royal family. In 1821, with his mother and father, he returned to Portugal. Whatever the explanation for his actions, Miguel always took Carlota Joaquina's part in the subsequent political struggles and soon became the supreme hope of the reactionary, clerical, absolutist party against the constitutionalists and opposed any compromise with liberal constitutionalism or its adherents. He became not only the symbol but the essence of a kind of reactionary messianism in Portugal during more than two decades, as his personal fortunes of power and privilege rose and fell. With his personality imbued with traits of wildness, adventurism, and violence, Miguel enjoyed a life largely consumed in horseback riding, love affairs, and bull- fighting.
       After the independence of Brazil (1822), Miguel became the principal candidate for power of the Traditionalist Party, which was determined to restore absolutist royal power, destroy the constitution, and rule without limitation. Miguel was involved in many political conspiracies and armed movements, beginning in 1822 and including the coups known to history as the "Vila Francada" (1823) and the "Abrilada" (1824), which were directed against his father King João VI, in order to restore absolutist royal power. These coup conspiracies failed due to foreign intervention, and the king ordered Miguel dismissed from his posts and sent into exile. He remained in exile for four years. The death of King João VI in 1826 presented new opportunities in the absolutist party, however, and the dashing Dom Miguel remained their great hope for power.
       His older brother King Pedro IV, then emperor of Brazil, inherited the throne and wrote his own constitution, the Charter of 1826, which was to become the law of the land in Portugal. However, his daughter Maria, only seven, was too young to rule, so Pedro, who abdicated, put together an unusual deal. Until Maria reached her majority age, a regency headed by Princess Isabel Maria would rule Portugal. Dom Miguel would return from his Austrian exile and, when Maria reached her majority, Maria would marry her uncle Miguel and they would reign under the 1826 Charter. Miguel returned to Portugal in 1828, but immediately broke the bargain. He proclaimed himself an absolutist King, acclaimed by the usual (and last) Cortes of 1828; dispensed with Pedro's Charter; and ruled as an absolutist. Pedro's response was to abdicate the emperorship of Brazil, return to Portugal, defeat Miguel, and place his young daughter on the throne. In the civil war called the War of the Brothers (1831-34), after a seesaw campaign on land and at sea, Miguel's forces were defeated and he went into exile, never to return to Portugal.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Miguel I, king

  • 16 cerrar

    v.
    María cerró la puerta Mary closed the door.
    2 to close (negocio, colegio) (a diario).
    el gobierno cerrará dos centrales nucleares the government is to close down two nuclear power stations
    3 to close.
    4 to close the door (person).
    ¡cierra, que entra frío! close the door, you're letting the cold in!
    5 to close (negocio, colegio) (a diario).
    ¿a qué hora cierra? what time do you close?
    6 to turn off (grifo, llave de gas).
    Ricardo cerró el agua Richard turned off the water.
    7 to fill, to block (up) (agujero, hueco).
    8 to block (carretera, calle).
    la policía cerró la calle the police closed off the street
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block somebody's way
    9 to close.
    la orquesta cerraba el desfile the orchestra closed the procession
    10 to fence (off), to enclose.
    11 to heal, to close up.
    12 to close down, to close, to lock up, to shut.
    Ellos cierran de noche They close at night.
    13 to block off, to blank off.
    Los huelguistas bloquearon el edificio The strikers blanked off the building
    14 to balance out, to match correctly, to check out correctly, to close.
    Mi contador cierra mis cuentas My accountant balances out my accounts.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 to close, shut
    2 (grifo, gas) to turn off; (luz) to turn off, switch off
    3 (cuenta) to close
    4 (cremallera) to zip (up)
    5 (un negocio) to close; (- definitivamente) to close down
    6 (carta) to seal
    7 (discusión) to end, finish
    8 (compra) to close, conclude
    9 (agujero) to plug; (grieta) to fill
    10 (paraguas) to close, shut, put down
    11 (los puños) to clench, close
    12 (frontera, puerto) to close; (camino) to block
    13 (en dominó) to block
    1 to close, shut
    2 (punto) to cast off
    3 (una herida) to close up, heal
    1 to close, shut
    2 (una herida) to close up, heal
    3 AUTOMÓVIL (meterse) to cut in
    4 METEREOLOGÍA to cloud over
    5 figurado (obstinarse) to dig one's heel in, stand fast; (ponerse en actitud intransigente) to close one's mind (a, to)
    \
    cerrar con siete llaves figurado to lock and double-lock
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block somebody's way, bar somebody's way
    cerrar el pico familiar to shut one's trap
    cerrar la boca to shut up
    cerrar la puerta en las narices figurado to shut the door in somebody's face
    cerrar las filas figurado to close ranks
    cerrarse de golpe to slam shut
    * * *
    verb
    1) to close, shut
    2) lock
    4) seal
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [hablando de un objeto abierto] [+ puerta, ventana, boca] to close, shut; [+ cremallera] to do up; [+ camisa] to button, do up; [+ cortina] to draw; [+ paraguas, válvula] to close; [+ carta] to seal; [+ costura, herida] to sew up

    no puedo cerrar esta maleta — I can't close o shut this suitcase

    cierra los ojos — close o shut your eyes

    cerró el libro de golpe — she banged o slammed the book shut

    • cerré la puerta con llave — I locked the door

    • cierra el pico — * shut your trap **

    • cerrar el puño — to clench one's fist

    fila 3), b)
    2) (=desconectar) [+ gas, grifo, radiador] to turn off
    3) (=bloquear) [+ agujero, brecha, tubo] to block (up); [+ frontera, puerto] to close

    • cerrar el paso a algn — to block sb's way

    trató de entrar, pero le cerraron el paso — he tried to get in, but they blocked o barred his way

    4) [+ tienda, negocio] [al final de la jornada] to close, shut; [para siempre] to close, close down
    5) [+ jardín, terreno] [con cerca] to fence in; [con muro] to wall in
    6) (=poner fin a)
    a) [+ debate, narración, programa] to close, end

    cerrar el sistema — (Inform) to shut down the system

    b) [+ desfile] to bring up the rear of
    7)

    • cerrar un trato — to seal a deal

    2. VI
    1) [hablando de un objeto abierto] [puerta, ventana] to close, shut; [bragueta] to do up; [paraguas, válvula] to close; [herida] to close up
    2) [persona]

    cierra, que se va a escapar el gato — close o shut the door or the cat will get out

    3) [tienda, negocio] to close, shut

    ¿a qué hora cierran las tiendas el sábado? — what time do the shops close o shut on Saturday?

    4) (Econ) [en la Bolsa] to close
    5) [en dominó] to block; [en Scrabble] to use one's tiles up

    ¡cierro! — I'm out!

    6) (=atacar)

    cerrar con o contra algn — to grapple with sb

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <puerta/ventana> to close, shut; <ojos/boca> to shut, close
    b) < botella> to put the top on/cork in; < frasco> to put the lid on
    c) <paraguas/abanico/mano> to close; < libro> to close, shut; < puño> to clench
    d) < cortinas> to close, draw; < persianas> to lower, pull down; < abrigo> to fasten, button up; < cremallera> to do up
    2) <grifo/agua/gas> to turn off; < válvula> to close, shut off
    3)
    a) <fábrica/comercio/oficina> (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) <aeropuerto/carretera/frontera> to close
    4) < cuenta bancaria> to close; <caso/juicio> to close; <acuerdo/negociación> to finalize
    5)
    a) <acto/debate> to bring... to an end; < jornada> to end
    b) <desfile/cortejo> to bring up the rear of
    c) < circuito> to close
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to close
    2.
    cerrar vi
    1) (hablando de puerta, ventana)

    cierra, que hace frío — close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold

    ¿cerraste con llave? — did you lock up?

    2) puerta/ventana/cajón to close, shut; grifo/llave de paso to turn off; abrigo/vestido to fasten, do up (BrE)
    3) comercio/oficina (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    4) (Fin) dolar/peso to close
    5) ( en dominó) to block; ( en naipes) to go out
    3.
    cerrarse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana (+ compl) to shut, close

    la puerta se cerró sola/de golpe — the door closed by itself/slammed shut

    b) ojos (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    c) flor/almeja to close up
    d) herida to heal (up)
    2) (refl) < abrigo> to fasten, button up
    3) ( terminar) acto/debate/libro to end, conclude; jornada/año to end
    4) (mostrarse reacio, intransigente)

    se cerró en su actitud — he dug his heels in

    cerrarse a algo: sería cerrarse a la evidencia it would be turning our back on the evidence; se cierran a todo cambio — they're not open to change

    * * *
    = close, close down, seal off, shut down, shut off, zip, fold, fold up + shop.
    Ex. The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.
    Ex. In this case, however, summer vacation resulted in universities and other institutions closing down completely right in the middle of her stay.
    Ex. In the case of vast and rapidly growing copyright libraries where the stock is sealed off from the public, specific classification is not worth the effort.
    Ex. Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex. Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex. The study investigated the use of a video to teach 3 self-help skills (cleaning sunglasses, putting on a wristwatch, and zipping a jacket) to 3 elementary students with mental disabilities.
    Ex. By the mid-eighties, two of the big companies folded, but were replaced by a handful of small, independent firms = A mediados de los ochenta, dos de las grandes compañías quebraron, pero fueron sustituidas por un puñado de pequeñas empresas independientes.
    Ex. Why talented and passionate business people so often fold up shop while their less talented, less skilled brethren continue to thrive.
    ----
    * cerrar con candado = padlock.
    * cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.
    * cerrar con llave = lock.
    * cerrar con tablas = board up.
    * cerrar definitivamente = close down + operations, close + Posesivo + doors.
    * cerrar de golpe = slam.
    * cerrar de un portazo = slam.
    * cerrar el catálogo = close + the catalogue.
    * cerrar el negocio = fold up + shop.
    * cerrar filas = close + ranks.
    * cerrar herméticamente = seal.
    * cerrar las escotillas = batten down + hatches.
    * cerrar los postigos = shutter.
    * cerrar muy bien = close + tight.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * cerrar una ventana = switch off + window.
    * cerrar un negocio = go out of + business.
    * cerrar un trato = close + deal.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = put a sock in it!.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * en una abrir y cerrar de ojos = at the flick of a switch, at the drop of a hat.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * forzar a cerrar un Negocio = drive out of + business.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * paréntesis que cierra = right parenthesis.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.
    * que se cierra automáticamente mediante un muelle = spring-loaded.
    * sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <puerta/ventana> to close, shut; <ojos/boca> to shut, close
    b) < botella> to put the top on/cork in; < frasco> to put the lid on
    c) <paraguas/abanico/mano> to close; < libro> to close, shut; < puño> to clench
    d) < cortinas> to close, draw; < persianas> to lower, pull down; < abrigo> to fasten, button up; < cremallera> to do up
    2) <grifo/agua/gas> to turn off; < válvula> to close, shut off
    3)
    a) <fábrica/comercio/oficina> (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) <aeropuerto/carretera/frontera> to close
    4) < cuenta bancaria> to close; <caso/juicio> to close; <acuerdo/negociación> to finalize
    5)
    a) <acto/debate> to bring... to an end; < jornada> to end
    b) <desfile/cortejo> to bring up the rear of
    c) < circuito> to close
    d) <paréntesis/comillas> to close
    2.
    cerrar vi
    1) (hablando de puerta, ventana)

    cierra, que hace frío — close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold

    ¿cerraste con llave? — did you lock up?

    2) puerta/ventana/cajón to close, shut; grifo/llave de paso to turn off; abrigo/vestido to fasten, do up (BrE)
    3) comercio/oficina (en el quehacer diario, por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    4) (Fin) dolar/peso to close
    5) ( en dominó) to block; ( en naipes) to go out
    3.
    cerrarse v pron
    1)
    a) puerta/ventana (+ compl) to shut, close

    la puerta se cerró sola/de golpe — the door closed by itself/slammed shut

    b) ojos (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    c) flor/almeja to close up
    d) herida to heal (up)
    2) (refl) < abrigo> to fasten, button up
    3) ( terminar) acto/debate/libro to end, conclude; jornada/año to end
    4) (mostrarse reacio, intransigente)

    se cerró en su actitud — he dug his heels in

    cerrarse a algo: sería cerrarse a la evidencia it would be turning our back on the evidence; se cierran a todo cambio — they're not open to change

    * * *
    = close, close down, seal off, shut down, shut off, zip, fold, fold up + shop.

    Ex: The date due calculated by the circulation programs is always checked against the list of dates the library is closed to ensure that a document is not due when it cannot be returned.

    Ex: In this case, however, summer vacation resulted in universities and other institutions closing down completely right in the middle of her stay.
    Ex: In the case of vast and rapidly growing copyright libraries where the stock is sealed off from the public, specific classification is not worth the effort.
    Ex: Cyberattacks involve routers acting at a predesignated time or trigger time and flooding various targeted Web sites with data -- effectively shutting down the Web site.
    Ex: Advanced design sprinklers shut off water when the fire is out, reducing the risk of water damage.
    Ex: The study investigated the use of a video to teach 3 self-help skills (cleaning sunglasses, putting on a wristwatch, and zipping a jacket) to 3 elementary students with mental disabilities.
    Ex: By the mid-eighties, two of the big companies folded, but were replaced by a handful of small, independent firms = A mediados de los ochenta, dos de las grandes compañías quebraron, pero fueron sustituidas por un puñado de pequeñas empresas independientes.
    Ex: Why talented and passionate business people so often fold up shop while their less talented, less skilled brethren continue to thrive.
    * cerrar con candado = padlock.
    * cerrar con cierre metálico = shutter.
    * cerrar con llave = lock.
    * cerrar con tablas = board up.
    * cerrar definitivamente = close down + operations, close + Posesivo + doors.
    * cerrar de golpe = slam.
    * cerrar de un portazo = slam.
    * cerrar el catálogo = close + the catalogue.
    * cerrar el negocio = fold up + shop.
    * cerrar filas = close + ranks.
    * cerrar herméticamente = seal.
    * cerrar las escotillas = batten down + hatches.
    * cerrar los postigos = shutter.
    * cerrar muy bien = close + tight.
    * cerrar un acuerdo = conclude + agreement, conclude + deal.
    * cerrar una ventana = switch off + window.
    * cerrar un negocio = go out of + business.
    * cerrar un trato = close + deal.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = put a sock in it!.
    * ¡cierra el pico! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * ¡cierra la boca! = shut your mouth!, shut your face!.
    * en una abrir y cerrar de ojos = at the flick of a switch, at the drop of a hat.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in a jiffy, in the time it takes to flick a switch, with the flick of a switch, in a flash, in no time at all, in next to no time, with the tip of a hat, in and out in a flash, in a heartbeat, as quick as a wink, in a trice.
    * en un abrir y cerrar de ojos = in the blink of an eye, in the twinkling of an eye, in a snap.
    * forzar a cerrar un Negocio = drive out of + business.
    * obligar a cerrar el negocio = force out of + business, force out of + the marketplace.
    * paréntesis que cierra = right parenthesis.
    * que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.
    * que puede volver a cerrarse herméticamente = resealable.
    * que se cierra automáticamente mediante un muelle = spring-loaded.
    * sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.

    * * *
    cerrar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹armario/puerta/ventana› to close, shut
    cerró la puerta de un portazo she slammed the door
    2 ‹ojos/boca› to shut, close
    3 ‹maleta› to close; ‹sobre/paquete› to seal
    4 ‹botella› to put the top on/cork in; ‹frasco› to put the top ( o lid etc) on
    un frasco herméticamente cerrado an airtight container
    5 ‹paraguas› to close, put … down; ‹abanico› to close; ‹libro› to close, shut; ‹puño› to clench; ‹mano› to close
    6 ‹cortinas› to close, draw; ‹persianas› to lower, pull down; ‹abrigo› to fasten, button up, do up ( BrE)
    ciérrame la cremallera can you zip me up?, can you do my zip up? ( BrE)
    B ‹grifo› to turn off; ‹válvula› to close, shut off; ‹agua/gas› to turn off
    C
    1 ‹fábrica/comercio/oficina› (en el quehacer diario) to close, shut; (por obras, vacaciones) to close; (definitivamente) to close, close down
    2 ‹aeropuerto/carretera› to close; ‹frontera› to close
    la calle está cerrada al tráfico the street is closed to traffic
    3 ‹terreno› to fence off
    D
    1 (en labores de punto) to cast off; (en costura) to sew up
    2 ( fam) (al operar) to close … up
    E
    1 ‹plazo/matrícula›
    han cerrado el plazo de inscripción the enrollment period has closed o finished
    2 ‹cuenta bancaria› to close
    3 ‹caso/juicio› to close; ‹acuerdo/negociación› to finalize
    F
    1 (poner fin a) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end; ‹jornada› to end
    antes de cerrar nuestra programación de hoy … before ending today's programs …, before bringing today's programs to a close …
    los trágicos acontecimientos que han cerrado el año the tragic events with which the year has ended
    estas declaraciones cerraron una jornada tensa these statements ended o came at the end of a tense day
    2 ‹desfile/cortejo› to bring up the rear of
    3 ‹circunferencia› to close up; ‹circuito› to close
    4 ‹paréntesis/comillas› to close
    ■ cerrar
    vi
    A
    (hablando de una puerta, ventana): cierra, que hace frío close o shut the door ( o window etc), it's cold
    ¿cerraste con llave? did you lock the door?, did you lock up?
    B «puerta/ventana/cajón» to close, shut; «grifo/llave de paso» to turn off; «abrigo/vestido» to fasten, do up ( BrE)
    la puerta no cierra bien the door won't shut o close properly, the door doesn't shut o close properly
    esta botella no cierra bien I can't get the top back on this bottle properly, the top won't go on properly
    ¿la falda cierra por detrás o por el lado? does the skirt fasten at the back or at the side?
    C «comercio/oficina» (en el quehacer diario) to close, shut; (por obras, vacaciones) to close, shut; (definitivamente) to close, close down, shut down
    ¿a qué hora cierran? what time do you close?
    no cerramos al mediodía we are open o we stay open at lunchtime, we don't close for lunch
    [ S ] cerramos los lunes closed Mondays, we are closed on Mondays
    D (en labores de punto) to cast off
    E ( Fin) to close
    el dólar cerró a … the dollar closed at …
    F (en dominó) to block; (en naipes) to go out
    A
    1
    «puerta/ventana» (+ compl): la puerta se cerró de golpe/sola the door slammed shut/closed by itself
    2 «ojos» (+ me/te/le etc) to close
    se me cierran los ojos de cansancio I'm so tired I can't keep my eyes open
    3 «flor/almeja» to close up
    4 «herida» to heal, heal up, close up
    B ( refl) ‹abrigo› to fasten, button up, do up ( BrE)
    ciérrate la cremallera zip yourself up, zip up your dress ( o jacket etc), do your zip up ( BrE)
    C (terminar) «acto/debate» to end, conclude; «jornada» to end
    el libro se cierra con unas páginas dedicadas a … the book ends o closes o concludes with a few pages on the subject of …
    otro año que se cierra sin que se resuelva another year ends o comes to an end without a solution
    D
    (mostrarse reacio, intransigente): se cerró y no quiso saber nada más she closed her mind and refused to listen to any more about it
    se cerró en su actitud he dug his heels in
    cerrarse A algo:
    sería cerrarse a la evidencia negar que … we would be turning our back on the evidence if we were to deny that …
    se cerró a todo lo nuevo she refused to consider anything new, she closed her mind to anything new
    * * *

     

    cerrar ( conjugate cerrar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹puerta/ventana› to close, shut;

    ‹ojos/boca› to shut, close;

    b) ‹ botella› to put the top on/cork in;

    ‹ frasco› to put the lid on;
    ‹ sobre› to seal
    c) ‹paraguas/abanico/mano› to close;

    ‹ libro› to close, shut;
    ‹ puño› to clench
    d) ‹ cortinas› to close, draw;

    ‹ persianas› to lower, pull down;
    ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
    ‹ cremallera› to do … up
    e) ‹grifo/agua/gas› to turn off;

    ‹ válvula› to close, shut off
    2
    a) ‹fábrica/comercio/oficina› ( en el quehacer diario) to close;

    ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    b) ‹aeropuerto/carretera/frontera› to close

    3

    b) ‹caso/juicio› to close

    c) ‹acuerdo/negociación› to finalize

    d) ‹acto/debate› to bring … to an end

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (hablando de puerta, ventana):
    ◊ cierra, que hace frío close o shut the door (o window etc), it's cold;

    ¿cerraste con llave? did you lock up?
    2 [puerta/ventana/cajón] to close, shut
    3 [comercio/oficina] ( en el quehacer diario) to close, shut;
    ( definitivamente) to close (down)
    cerrarse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) [puerta/ventana] to shut, close;


    b) [ ojos] to close;


    c) [flor/almeja] to close up


    2 ( refl) ‹ abrigo› to fasten, button up;
    ‹ cremallera› to do … up
    3 [acto/debate/jornada] to end
    cerrar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to shut, close
    (con llave) to lock
    (un grifo abierto) to turn off
    (el ordenador) to turn off, switch off
    (subir una cremallera) to do up
    (un sobre) to seal
    (los puños) to clench
    2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
    (definitivamente) to close down
    3 (un trato, un acuerdo) to finalize
    (liquidar una cuenta bancaria) to close
    4 (un acceso, un servicio de transporte) to close
    (bloquear) cerrarle el paso a alguien, to block sb's way
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to close, shut
    2 (un negocio temporalmente) to close
    (definitivamente) to close down
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar cerrar el pico, to shut one's trap
    ' cerrar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abrir
    - abrochar
    - cerrada
    - cerrado
    - cierre
    - ojo
    - pico
    - sellar
    - amabilidad
    - bondad
    - canilla
    - cierra
    - cierro
    - correr
    - cuenta
    - doble
    - grifo
    - junta
    - juntar
    - llave
    - paréntesis
    - trato
    English:
    attendant
    - bargain
    - barricade
    - block in
    - bolt
    - clinch
    - close
    - close down
    - closed
    - draw
    - enter into
    - fasten
    - fasten down
    - lock
    - lock up
    - padlock
    - push to
    - seal
    - seal off
    - seal up
    - secure
    - shut
    - shut down
    - shut up
    - slam
    - snap
    - stick together
    - strike
    - tight
    - to
    - trice
    - turn off
    - twinkling
    - wall in
    - whisk away
    - whisk off
    - wind up
    - zip up
    - board
    - business
    - cast
    - conclude
    - fold
    - main
    - time
    - turn
    - will
    - wind
    - wrap
    - zip
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [en general] to close;
    [puerta, cajón, boca, tienda] to shut, to close; Informát [archivo] to close; [con llave] to lock; [grifo, llave de gas] to turn off; [botella] to put the top on; [tarro] to put the lid o top on; [carta, sobre] to seal; [cortinas] to draw, to close; [persianas] to pull down; [agujero, hueco] to fill, to block (up); [puños] to clench;
    cierra el gas cuando salgas turn the gas off when you leave;
    una corriente de aire cerró la puerta a draught blew the door shut;
    Fam
    ¡cierra el pico! shut your trap!
    2. [negocio, colegio] [a diario] to close;
    [permanentemente] to close down;
    el gobierno cerrará dos centrales nucleares the government is to close down two nuclear power stations
    3. [vallar] to fence (off), to enclose;
    cerraron el balcón para convertirlo en comedor they closed o walled off the balcony and converted it into a dining room
    4. [carretera, calle] to close off;
    también Fig
    cerrar el paso a alguien to block sb's way;
    una valla les cerraba la salida a fence blocked their way out
    5. [manifestación, desfile] to bring up the rear of;
    cerrar la marcha [ir en última posición] to bring up the rear;
    la orquesta cerraba el desfile the orchestra closed the procession
    6. [gestiones, acuerdo] to finalize;
    han cerrado un trato para… they've reached an agreement o made a deal to…;
    cerraron el trato ayer they wrapped up the deal yesterday;
    cerraron las conversaciones sin ningún acuerdo they ended the talks without reaching an agreement
    7. [cicatrizar] to heal, to close up
    8. Elec [circuito] to close
    9. [circunferencia, círculo] to complete;
    cerraron la carretera de circunvalación they completed the Br ring road o US beltway
    10. [signo ortográfico] to close;
    cerrar comillas/paréntesis to close inverted commas/brackets
    11. [posibilidades] to put an end to;
    el último atentado cierra cualquier esperanza de acuerdo the most recent attack puts an end to any hopes of an agreement
    12. [terminar] to close;
    el discurso del Presidente cerró el año legislativo the President's speech brought the parliamentary year to a close;
    esta corrida cierra la temporada taurina this bullfight rounds off the bullfighting season;
    cerró su participación en el torneo con una derrota they lost their last game in the tournament
    13. [plegar] to close up;
    cerró el paraguas he closed his umbrella
    14. Prensa
    el periódico cerró la edición más tarde de lo normal the newspaper went to press later than usual
    ♦ vi
    1. [en general] to close;
    [tienda] to close, to shut; [con llave, pestillo] to lock up;
    este cajón no cierra bien this drawer doesn't shut properly;
    la Bolsa cerró con pérdidas the stock market closed down several points;
    RP Fam
    ¡cerrá y vamos!: si no quieren ayudarnos, ¡cerrá y vamos! if they don't want to help us, let's not waste any more time over this
    2. [persona] to close the door;
    ¡cierra, que entra frío! close the door, you're letting the cold in!;
    me olvidé de cerrar con llave I forgot to lock the door
    3. [negocio, colegio] [a diario] to close;
    [definitivamente] to close down;
    ¿a qué hora cierra? what time do you close?;
    la biblioteca cierra a las ocho the library closes at eight;
    cerramos los domingos [en letrero] closed on Sundays
    4. [en juego de cartas] to go out;
    [en dominó] to block
    5. [herida] to close up, to heal
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 close; para siempre close down;
    cerrar al tráfico close to traffic
    2 tubería block
    3 grifo turn off
    4 terreno, finca enclose; frontera close
    5 acuerdo close
    II v/i close; para siempre close down;
    la puerta no cierra bien the door doesn’t shut properly;
    al cerrar el día at the end of the day
    * * *
    cerrar {55} vt
    1) : to close, to shut
    2) : to turn off
    3) : to bring to an end
    cerrar vi
    1) : to close up, to lock up
    2) : to close down
    * * *
    cerrar vb
    1. (en general) to close / to shut
    ¿a qué hora cerráis? what time do you close?
    2. (con llave) to lock
    ¿has cerrado la puerta con llave? have you locked the door?
    3. (gas, grifo) to turn off
    cerrar de golpe to slam [pt. & pp. slammed]
    cerrar la cremallera to zip up [pt. & pp. zipped]

    Spanish-English dictionary > cerrar

  • 17 prontitud

    f.
    1 promptness.
    2 readiness, alacrity.
    * * *
    1 promptness
    \
    con prontitud promptly, quickly
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=rapidez) quickness, promptness
    2) (=viveza) quickness, sharpness
    * * *
    femenino promptness

    se agradece la prontitud en el pago — (frml) prompt payment would be appreciated

    * * *
    = immediacy, timeliness, promptness, quickness, alacrity, promptitude.
    Ex. The immediacy of access to the resources represented in a union catalogue may well be improved in the near future.
    Ex. Factors assessed during the comparative study included pricing, timeliness, availability of catalogue copy, and breadth of coverage.
    Ex. I think one of the things we must look into is what effect a no fines policy has on the promptness of return and whether or not materials are finally returned at all.
    Ex. His subordinates -- everyone reports through him to the director of the Medical Center library -- suffer from the quickness and depth of Fury when he disapproves of something.
    Ex. It's also imperative for businesses to handle negative situations with alacrity if and when they do arise.
    Ex. I have no doubt that the concerned law enforcing agencies will act with promptitude against the offenders.
    ----
    * con prontitud = expeditiously, promptly.
    * * *
    femenino promptness

    se agradece la prontitud en el pago — (frml) prompt payment would be appreciated

    * * *
    = immediacy, timeliness, promptness, quickness, alacrity, promptitude.

    Ex: The immediacy of access to the resources represented in a union catalogue may well be improved in the near future.

    Ex: Factors assessed during the comparative study included pricing, timeliness, availability of catalogue copy, and breadth of coverage.
    Ex: I think one of the things we must look into is what effect a no fines policy has on the promptness of return and whether or not materials are finally returned at all.
    Ex: His subordinates -- everyone reports through him to the director of the Medical Center library -- suffer from the quickness and depth of Fury when he disapproves of something.
    Ex: It's also imperative for businesses to handle negative situations with alacrity if and when they do arise.
    Ex: I have no doubt that the concerned law enforcing agencies will act with promptitude against the offenders.
    * con prontitud = expeditiously, promptly.

    * * *
    promptness
    la prontitud de su respuesta the speed o promptness of their reply
    trabaja con prontitud y eficiencia she works quickly and efficiently
    se agradece la prontitud en el pago ( frml); prompt payment would be appreciated
    * * *

    prontitud sustantivo femenino
    promptness
    ' prontitud' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    diligencia
    - ligereza
    - velocidad
    - brevedad
    English:
    swiftly
    * * *
    promptness;
    respondió con prontitud she answered promptly
    * * *
    f promptness
    * * *
    1) presteza: promptness, speed
    2)
    con prontitud : promptly, quickly

    Spanish-English dictionary > prontitud

  • 18 todo

    adj.
    1 all, the whole of, all of.
    Toda la mañana All morning. Perdió todo su dinero=He lost all his money.
    2 every, each.
    Todo carro que.. All car that....
    3 entire.
    adv.
    all.
    pron.
    everything, absolutely everything, all, all the lot.
    m.
    whole, unity, entirety.
    * * *
    3 (cada) every
    4 (igual) like, exactly like, the image of
    1 (sin excluir nada) all, everything
    2 (cualquiera) anybody
    1 (totalidad) whole
    2 (en charadas) all, whole
    1 completely, totally, all
    \
    así y todo in spite of everything
    a todo esto (por cierto) by the way 2 (mientras) in the meantime
    con todo in spite of everything
    de todas formas / después de todo anyway, after all
    del todo completely, entirely
    eso es todo that's all, that's it
    estar en todo to be really with it, know what's going on
    fue todo uno familiar it all happened at once
    hay de todo there are all sorts
    por todo,-a all over
    ser todo uno familiar to be all the same thing
    todo el mundo everybody
    todo lo contrario quite the opposite, quite the contrary
    todo lo más at the most
    todo quisque / todo Dios familiar every Tom, Dick and Harry
    todos y cada uno each and everyone
    ————————
    1 (totalidad) whole
    2 (en charadas) all, whole
    1 completely, totally, all
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - toda)
    pron.
    all, everything
    - todas 3. adv.
    wholly, entirely
    4. (f. - toda)
    adj.
    1) every, each
    2) all, whole, entire
    •
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [en singular] (=en su totalidad) all

    todo lo que usted necesite — everything o whatever you need

    con todo lo listo que es, no es capaz de resolver esto — clever as he is o for all his intelligence, he can't solve this problem

    • todo lo demás — all the rest

    • a o con toda prisa — in all haste, with all speed

    • a toda velocidad — at full speed

    a todo esto, la orquesta siguió tocando — meanwhile, the band kept on playing

    a todo esto, ¿os apetece ir al cine? — by the way, would you like to go to the cinema?

    a todo esto, no nos olvidemos de llamarla — while we're on the subject, we mustn't forget to phone her

    cuanto, mundo
    2) [en plural]
    a) [en un conjunto] all
    b) (=cada) every
    forma 2)
    3) [con valor enfático]

    es todo un hombre — he's every inch a man, he's a real man

    más 1., 2), d)
    4) (=del todo)
    2. PRON
    1) [en singular]

    lo han vendido todo — they've sold the lot, they've sold it all

    todo el que quiera... — everyone o anyone who wants to...

    todo a cien — ≈ pound store, ≈ dollar store (EEUU), shop selling everyday items at low prices

    2) [en plural] (=cosas) all (of them); (=personas) everybody, everyone

    todos estaban de acuerdo — everybody o everyone agreed

    todos los que quieran venir — all those who want to come, anyone who wants to come

    3) [locuciones con preposición]

    • ir a todo — to be prepared to do or die

    • ante todo — first of all, in the first place

    • con todo, con todo y — in spite of

    el coche, con todo y ser nuevo... — the car, in spite of being new..., despite the fact that the car was new...

    con todo (y con eso) — still, nevertheless

    con todo y con eso llegamos una hora tarde — we still arrived an hour late, nevertheless we arrived an hour late

    • de todo, lo llamaron de todo — they called him every name under the sun

    nos pasó de todo — everything possible happened to us, you name it, it happened to us

    • del todo — wholly, entirely

    • después de todo — after all

    de todas todas —

    ¡te digo que sí de todas todas! — I tell you it jolly well is!

    botica 1), pesar 4., 3), sobre II, 9)
    3.
    SM

    como o en un todo — as a whole

    jugar 3. TODO ► Para traducir el adjetivo todo con el sentido de en su totalidad se usa all, seguido del sustantivo en singular y sin determinante: Se pasó toda la tarde viendo la tele He spent all afternoon watching TV ► Con el mismo sentido anterior, también se puede traducir por whole o entire, este último es más enfático. En este caso, el indefinido tiene que ir acompañado de un sustantivo contable en singular y precedido por un determinante: Se pasó toda la tarde viendo la tele He spent the whole o the entire afternoon watching TV ► Todos se traduce por every cuando se hace hincapié en todos y cada uno de los individuos de un grupo de personas o cosas y también cuando se habla de acciones repetidas: Todos los niños deben llevar el uniforme del colegio Every child must wear school uniform Salimos a cenar todos los viernes We go out for dinner every Friday El sustantivo que sigue a every va en singular y nunca lleva determinante. El verbo va también en singular. ► Cuando todos se emplea para generalizar, se traduce por all. En este caso el sustantivo que sigue a all no lleva determinante: Todos los alemanes saben hablar inglés All Germans can speak English ► Todos también se traduce por all para referirse al conjunto de individuos de un grupo pero, a diferencia de every, sin dar importancia a los elementos. En este caso el sustantivo lleva determinante y va en plural, como el verbo: Todos los libros de la biblioteca eran antiguos All the books in the library were old
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) ( la totalidad de) all

    nos comimos todo el pan/todos los bombones — we ate all the bread/chocolates

    toda la mañana — all morning, the whole morning

    2) (cualquier, cada)

    todo artículo importado — all imported items, any imported item

    todos los días/los años — every day/year

    a todo esto — ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; ( a propósito) incidentally, by the way

    II

    el/un todo — the/a whole

    jugarse el todo por el todo — to risk o gamble everything on one throw

    III
    - da pronombre
    1)
    a) ( sin excluir nada) everything

    ¿eso es todo? — is that all?

    b)

    todos/todas — ( referido a - cosas) all; (- a personas) all, everybody

    vinieron todos — they all came, everybody came

    ¿están todos? — is everyone o everybody here?

    ¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

    con todo (y eso) — (fam) ( aun así) all the same, even so

    con todo, sigo pensando que... — all the same o even so I still think that...

    de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything; venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things; hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything; del todo totally; no es del todo cierto it's not entirely o totally true; y todo: enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work; tuvo que venir la policía y todo (fam) the police had to come and everything (colloq); de todas, todas (fam): ¿es verdad? - de todas, todas is it true? - you bet it is! (colloq); ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile (colloq); me las pagará todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him for all of this; no tenerlas todas consigo — to be a little worried o uneasy

    3) (como adv)
    a) ( completamente) all

    está toda entusiasmada con el viaje — she's all o terribly excited about the trip

    * * *
    = all, complete, every, everything, whole affair, the, wholeness, the full monty, the whole lot, at large, the works!, the whole thing, the entire length of.
    Ex. All returned documents must be checked for the presence of a hold on the title.
    Ex. The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.
    Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex. The CLEAR key erases everything on the screen.
    Ex. The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.
    Ex. The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.
    Ex. The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.
    Ex. Alternatively the printer might not have ordered enough paper for the whole book, either because he miscalculated or because he could not afford to buy the whole lot at once = Por otro lado, el impresor podría no haber encargado suficiente papel para imprimir el libro entero, bien porque lo calculó mal o porque no podía permitirse el lujo de comprarlo todo de una vez.
    Ex. The committee will be expected to produce an annual report to the members at large.
    Ex. Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex. The truth is that I'm pretty upset about the whole thing and don't have very warm feelings towards the makers of these products.
    Ex. It tells the story of one man's absurd quest to become the first person to walk the entire length of the Amazon River.
    ----
    * ¡a por todas! = go for it!.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abarcarlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * absolutamente todo = anything and everything, the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * absolver a Alguien de todos los cargos = acquit + Nombre + on all counts.
    * acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight.
    * accesible por todos = widely accessible.
    * acceso para todos = access for all.
    * aceptado por todos = widely accepted.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.
    * ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.
    * al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.
    * al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * antes de todo = before anything else, first off.
    * ante todo = first and foremost, before anything else, more than anything else, first of all, above all, above all things.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, come what may, at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = go + full steam ahead.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bien de todos, el = common good, the.
    * buscar por todas partes = scour + Nombre + for.
    * buscar por todo el mundo = search + the world (over).
    * capaz de todo = capable of anything.
    * casi de todo = just about everything.
    * casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.
    * casi todos = almost any.
    * castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.
    * celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.
    * comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * comportarse como toda una señora = take + the high road, take + the high ground.
    * comportarse como todo un caballero = take + the high road, take + the high ground.
    * conjuntarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.
    * conocido de todos = well-known.
    * conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.
    * conseguir ser el blanco de todas las miradas = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight.
    * contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * con toda claridad = as clear as a bell.
    * con toda confianza = feel + free to.
    * con toda desfachatez = shamelessly.
    * con toda franqueza = to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.
    * con toda honestidad = in all honesty.
    * con toda insolencia = shamelessly.
    * con toda la razón = quite rightly.
    * con toda la vestimenta = in full gear.
    * con toda nitidez = as clear as a bell.
    * con toda probabilidad = in all probability, probability.
    * con toda seguridad = safely.
    * con toda sinceridad = quite honestly, to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.
    * con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.
    * con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.
    * con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.
    * con toda su fuerza = in full force.
    * con toda tranquilidad = casually.
    * con todo descaro = shamelessly.
    * con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.
    * con todo incluido = with the works!.
    * con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todos los extras = with the works!.
    * con todos los lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.
    * con todos sus defectos = warts and all.
    * con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * contra toda persona = all comers.
    * contra (todo) pronóstico = against (all/the) odds.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * coordinarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * cubrir toda la gama = run + the gamut.
    * cubrir todo el espectro = run + the gamut.
    * dar al traste con todo = upset + the applecart.
    * dar el todo por el todo = give + Posesivo + all.
    * dar todo de Uno mismo = give of + Posesivo + best.
    * dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * decir con toda confianza = say in + full confidence.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.
    * dedicar todo el esfuerzo del mundo a = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * del todo = all the way.
    * demostrarlo todo = be proof enough.
    * dentro de todo = all in all.
    * desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.
    * desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * después de todo = after all.
    * de toda la empresa = systemwide.
    * de toda la institución = institution-wide, systemwide.
    * de toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * de toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.
    * de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.
    * de todas las partes del mundo = from all over the world, from all over the globe, from every part of the world.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de todas partes = from far and wide.
    * de todo = throughout.
    * de todo corazón = heart-to-heart, with all + Posesivo + heart.
    * de todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * de todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * de todo el mundo = world over, the, from (all) around the world, throughout the world, around the world, across the globe, around the globe, from (all) around the globe, all over the globe, from across the world, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de todo el planeta = across the planet.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * de todo + Nombre = all through + Nombre.
    * de todos conocido = well-known.
    * de todos lados = from far and wide.
    * de todos los colores = of all stripes, a rainbow of.
    * de todos los tiempos = all-time, of all time(s).
    * de todos los tipos = of all stripes.
    * de todos modos = at any rate.
    * de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.
    * de todo un poco = about this and that and everything else, about this and that.
    * de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.
    * Día de Todos los Santos = All Saints' Day.
    * dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.
    * disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.
    * el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el fin de todos los fines = the end of all ends.
    * el mejor de todos = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.
    * el mejor momento de todos = the time of all times.
    * el peor de todos = the worst of the lot.
    * el sueño de toda persona = the stuff dreams are made of.
    * el sueño de todos = the stuff dreams are made of.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.
    * en toda la empresa = company-wide, systemwide.
    * en toda la institución = systemwide.
    * en toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * en toda ocasión = at every turn.
    * en todas partes = all around, far and wide.
    * en todo = throughout.
    * en todo caso = if anything.
    * en todo el edificio = site-wide.
    * en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].
    * en todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], world over, the, throughout the world, around the world, all around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over, in the whole world.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * en todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * en todo el proceso = throughout.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * en todo momento = at all times, at every instant, every step of the way, throughout, at every turn, day in and day out, at all hours, time after time.
    * en todos estos sentidos = in all these regards.
    * en todos lados = far and wide.
    * en todos los aspectos = all-round.
    * en todos los sentidos = in all respects, in every sense.
    * en todos menos en = in all but.
    * en todos y cada uno de = in all.
    * escolarización para todos = universal schooling.
    * eso es casi todo = that's about it.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar todos en el mismo barco = be all in the same boat.
    * exento de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * famoso en todo el mundo = world-famous [world famous], world-renowned, world-renown.
    * fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * hacerlo todo excepto = stop at + nothing short of.
    * hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer todo lo que está en nuestras manos = pull out + all the stops.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer un todo de = lump + Nombre + into.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.
    * igual para todos = one size fits all.
    * incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.
    * incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * insuficiente para todos = insufficient to go round.
    * integrar formando un todo = articulate.
    * ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.
    * jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * jugarse el todo por el todo = take + the plunge, risk + life and limb.
    * jugárselo todo = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * llegar a todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * llegar a todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo mejor de todo = best of all.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.
    * más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.
    * meter las manos en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.
    * motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.
    * no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.
    * no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.
    * no del todo maduro, verde = underripe.
    * no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.
    * no somos todos iguales = one size doesn't fit all.
    * No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.
    * ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.
    * origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * pasar a toda velocidad = whiz.
    * póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.
    * poner toda la carne en el asador = shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke.
    * poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.
    * poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.
    * poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que bate todos los récords = record breaking.
    * que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.
    * que dura todo el año = year-round.
    * que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.
    * que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.
    * reconocido por todos = widely recognised.
    * relación parte = whole/part relationship.
    * replantearse todo desde cero = get back to + basics.
    * reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.
    * resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.
    * respetado por todos = widely-respected.
    * revolucionarlo todo = turn + everything upside down.
    * revolverlo todo = turn + everything upside down.
    * sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * salir a toda prisa = make + a hasty exit.
    * seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.
    * ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.
    * ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.
    * ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.
    * serlo todo para todos = be all things to all men, be all things to all people.
    * ser todo corazón = have + a heart of gold.
    * ser todo oídos = be all ears.
    * ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.
    * ser todo vida = be all life.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * sobre todas las cosas = above all things.
    * sobre todo = above all, above everything else, in particular, above all things.
    * tan amado de todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan amado por todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan querido por todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan queridos de todos = so beloved of all.
    * tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.
    * tener todo + Nombre + a + Posesivo + disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener todo + Nombre + para + Pronombre = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.
    * tienda que vende de todo = general store.
    * titular a toda plana = headline banner.
    * toda alma viviente = every living soul.
    * toda clase de = all sorts of.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * toda la fuerza = full force.
    * toda la fuerza de = the full force of.
    * toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.
    * toda la noche = all night long.
    * toda la sociedad = society at large.
    * toda la trupe = in full force.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.
    * todas las florituras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.
    * todas las partes implicadas = all concerned.
    * todas las personas implicadas = all concerned.
    * todas las razones del mundo = every reason.
    * todas las semanas = weekly.
    * toda una serie de = a whole series of.
    * toda una vida = a lifetime.
    * toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * todo a la vez = all at once.
    * todo al mismo tiempo = all at once.
    * todo bicho viviente = every living soul, everyone and their mother, every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.
    * todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.
    * todo cuesta algo = nothing comes without a cost.
    * todo de una vez = in one lump.
    * todo de (un) golpe = all at once.
    * todo dios = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo el año = year-round.
    * todo el cotarro = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * todo el día = all day, all day long, around the clock.
    * todo el fin de semana = all weekend long.
    * todo el mundo = all and sundry, every Tom, Dick and Harry, everybody, each and everyone.
    * todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.
    * todo el peso de la ley = full force of the law, the, full force of the law, the.
    * todo el rato = all the while.
    * todo el santo día = all day long.
    * todo el tiempo = all of the time, left, right and centre, the whole time, all the while.
    * todo el tinglado = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * todo en su conjunto = whole affair, the.
    * todo en uno = all in one.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.
    * todo está a la vista = what you see is what you get.
    * todo esto = the whole thing.
    * todo excepto = everything except (for).
    * todo florido = in full blossom.
    * todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo incluido = all-inclusive.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * todo liado = in a state of disarray.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * todo lo demás = all else.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.
    * todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.
    * todo marcha bien = everything is hunky-dory.
    * todo menos = everything except (for).
    * todo mindundi = every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo + Nombre = the whole + Nombre.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.
    * todo quisque = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo quisqui = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo recto = straight ahead, straight on.
    * todos = everybody, everyone, them all, all comers, great and small, all concerned, anyone and everyone.
    * todos a cubierta = all hands on deck!.
    * todos a la faena = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).
    * todos al rescate = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).
    * todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.
    * todos ellos = them all.
    * todo ser humano = every living soul.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * todos excepto = everyone except, everybody except.
    * todos excepto + Número = all but + Número.
    * todos lo demás = everyone else.
    * todos los accesorios extras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todos los adornos extras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todos los años = on a yearly basis, year in and year out, year-on-year.
    * todos los demás = everybody else.
    * todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.
    * todos los días = daily, on a daily basis, every day, day in and day out.
    * todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands to the pump(s), all hands on deck.
    * todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.
    * todos menos + Número = all but + Número.
    * todos nosotros = all of us.
    * todos por igual = share and share alike.
    * todos ustedes = you all.
    * todos vosotros = you all.
    * todos y cada uno = all and sundry, in full force, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.
    * todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.
    * todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.
    * todo va a las mil maravillas = everything is hunky-dory.
    * todo vale = no holds barred.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.
    * tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.
    * vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.
    * y lo peor de todo = and worst of all.
    * y sobre todo = and worst of all.
    * y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.
    * zampárselo todo = scoff + the lot.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) ( la totalidad de) all

    nos comimos todo el pan/todos los bombones — we ate all the bread/chocolates

    toda la mañana — all morning, the whole morning

    2) (cualquier, cada)

    todo artículo importado — all imported items, any imported item

    todos los días/los años — every day/year

    a todo esto — ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; ( a propósito) incidentally, by the way

    II

    el/un todo — the/a whole

    jugarse el todo por el todo — to risk o gamble everything on one throw

    III
    - da pronombre
    1)
    a) ( sin excluir nada) everything

    ¿eso es todo? — is that all?

    b)

    todos/todas — ( referido a - cosas) all; (- a personas) all, everybody

    vinieron todos — they all came, everybody came

    ¿están todos? — is everyone o everybody here?

    ¿estamos todos? — are we all here?

    con todo (y eso) — (fam) ( aun así) all the same, even so

    con todo, sigo pensando que... — all the same o even so I still think that...

    de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything; venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things; hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything; del todo totally; no es del todo cierto it's not entirely o totally true; y todo: enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work; tuvo que venir la policía y todo (fam) the police had to come and everything (colloq); de todas, todas (fam): ¿es verdad? - de todas, todas is it true? - you bet it is! (colloq); ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile (colloq); me las pagará todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him for all of this; no tenerlas todas consigo — to be a little worried o uneasy

    3) (como adv)
    a) ( completamente) all

    está toda entusiasmada con el viaje — she's all o terribly excited about the trip

    * * *
    = all, complete, every, everything, whole affair, the, wholeness, the full monty, the whole lot, at large, the works!, the whole thing, the entire length of.

    Ex: All returned documents must be checked for the presence of a hold on the title.

    Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.
    Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    Ex: The CLEAR key erases everything on the screen.
    Ex: The whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van.
    Ex: The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.
    Ex: The article ' The digital full monty?' forecasts that the world of information is likely to be dominated by global giants on the one hand and selective niche providers on the other.
    Ex: Alternatively the printer might not have ordered enough paper for the whole book, either because he miscalculated or because he could not afford to buy the whole lot at once = Por otro lado, el impresor podría no haber encargado suficiente papel para imprimir el libro entero, bien porque lo calculó mal o porque no podía permitirse el lujo de comprarlo todo de una vez.
    Ex: The committee will be expected to produce an annual report to the members at large.
    Ex: Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex: The truth is that I'm pretty upset about the whole thing and don't have very warm feelings towards the makers of these products.
    Ex: It tells the story of one man's absurd quest to become the first person to walk the entire length of the Amazon River.
    * ¡a por todas! = go for it!.
    * abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.
    * abarcarlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * absolutamente todo = anything and everything, the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * absolver a Alguien de todos los cargos = acquit + Nombre + on all counts.
    * acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight.
    * accesible por todos = widely accessible.
    * acceso para todos = access for all.
    * aceptado por todos = widely accepted.
    * a decir de todos = by all accounts.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.
    * ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.
    * al alcance de todos = within everybody's reach, within everyone's reach, accessible to everyone, accessible to everybody.
    * al igual que con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * a lo largo de todo = the entire length of.
    * antes de todo = before anything else, first off.
    * ante todo = first and foremost, before anything else, more than anything else, first of all, above all, above all things.
    * a pesar de todo = all the same, in spite of everything, despite everything, despite it all, in spite of it all, all this said.
    * a pesar de todo + Posesivo + Nombre = for all + Posesivo + Nombre.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * a toda costa = absolutely, come what may, at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * a toda máquina = in the fast lane, fast lane, full steam ahead, at full tilt, full-tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda mecha = at a rate of knots, full steam ahead, at full blast, at full throttle, at top speed, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a toda pasta = at a rate of knots.
    * a toda pastilla = in the fast lane, on the fast track, fast lane, full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at a rate of knots, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a toda prueba = unswerving.
    * a todas horas = at all hours, around the clock.
    * a todas luces = patently.
    * a todas partes = far and wide.
    * a toda velocidad = full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed.
    * a todo alrededor = all round.
    * a todo color = full-colour, in full colour.
    * a todo gas = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo lo largo de = the length of.
    * a todo meter = full steam ahead, at full stretch, at full speed, at full blast, at top speed.
    * a todo ritmo = in full swing, in full force, in full gear.
    * a todos lados = far and wide.
    * a todos los efectos = to all intents and purposes, to all intents, for all practical purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a todos nosotros = us all.
    * a todos por igual = one size fits all.
    * a todo vapor = full steam ahead, full-tilt, at full tilt, full-throttle, at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * a todo volumen = at full blast.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * avanzar a toda máquina = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a toda pastilla = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo gas = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.
    * avanzar a todo vapor = go + full steam ahead.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bien de todos, el = common good, the.
    * buscar por todas partes = scour + Nombre + for.
    * buscar por todo el mundo = search + the world (over).
    * capaz de todo = capable of anything.
    * casi de todo = just about everything.
    * casi todo = everything but the kitchen sink, just about everything.
    * casi todos = almost any.
    * castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.
    * celebrar por todo lo alto = make + a song and dance about.
    * comérselo todo = eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * comportarse como toda una señora = take + the high road, take + the high ground.
    * comportarse como todo un caballero = take + the high road, take + the high ground.
    * conjuntarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.
    * conocido de todos = well-known.
    * conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.
    * conseguir ser el blanco de todas las miradas = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight.
    * contar todo sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * con toda claridad = as clear as a bell.
    * con toda confianza = feel + free to.
    * con toda desfachatez = shamelessly.
    * con toda franqueza = to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.
    * con toda honestidad = in all honesty.
    * con toda insolencia = shamelessly.
    * con toda la razón = quite rightly.
    * con toda la vestimenta = in full gear.
    * con toda nitidez = as clear as a bell.
    * con toda probabilidad = in all probability, probability.
    * con toda seguridad = safely.
    * con toda sinceridad = quite honestly, to put it frankly, in all sincerity, in all honesty.
    * con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.
    * con todas las prestaciones = full-featured.
    * con todas sus prestaciones = fully featured.
    * con toda su fuerza = in full force.
    * con toda tranquilidad = casually.
    * con todo descaro = shamelessly.
    * con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.
    * con todo incluido = with the works!.
    * con todo mi debido respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todo mi respeto hacia = with (all) due respect to.
    * con todos los extras = with the works!.
    * con todos los lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * con todos mis respetos hacia (la opinión de) = pace.
    * con todos sus defectos = warts and all.
    * con todo tipo de comodidades = with all mods and cons.
    * con todo tipo de lujos = with all mods and cons.
    * contra toda persona = all comers.
    * contra (todo) pronóstico = against (all/the) odds.
    * contra todo (tipo) de riesgo = against all risks.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * coordinarlo todo = tie + the pieces together.
    * correr a toda velocidad = sprint.
    * cubrir toda la gama = run + the gamut.
    * cubrir todo el espectro = run + the gamut.
    * dar al traste con todo = upset + the applecart.
    * dar el todo por el todo = give + Posesivo + all.
    * dar todo de Uno mismo = give of + Posesivo + best.
    * dar todo el oro del mundo = give + Posesivo + right arm.
    * decir con toda confianza = say in + full confidence.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * dedicar toda una vida = spend + lifetime.
    * dedicar todo el esfuerzo del mundo a = put + Posesivo + heart into.
    * del todo = all the way.
    * demostrarlo todo = be proof enough.
    * dentro de todo = all in all.
    * desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.
    * desear a Algo o Alguien toda la suerte del mundo = wish + Nombre + every success.
    * despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.
    * después de todo = after all.
    * de toda la empresa = systemwide.
    * de toda la institución = institution-wide, systemwide.
    * de toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * de toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * de toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * de todas formas = anyway(s), at any rate, anyhow.
    * de todas las formas posibles = in any and all ways.
    * de todas las partes del mundo = from all over the world, from all over the globe, from every part of the world.
    * de todas maneras = at any rate.
    * de todas partes = from far and wide.
    * de todo = throughout.
    * de todo corazón = heart-to-heart, with all + Posesivo + heart.
    * de todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * de todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * de todo el mundo = world over, the, from (all) around the world, throughout the world, around the world, across the globe, around the globe, from (all) around the globe, all over the globe, from across the world, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.
    * de todo el planeta = across the planet.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * de todo + Nombre = all through + Nombre.
    * de todos conocido = well-known.
    * de todos lados = from far and wide.
    * de todos los colores = of all stripes, a rainbow of.
    * de todos los tiempos = all-time, of all time(s).
    * de todos los tipos = of all stripes.
    * de todos modos = at any rate.
    * de todo tipo = of all sorts, of every sort, of all stripes, of all shapes and sizes.
    * de todo un poco = about this and that and everything else, about this and that.
    * de una vez por todas = once and for all, once for all.
    * Día de Todos los Santos = All Saints' Day.
    * dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.
    * disfrutar de todas las ventajas = have + the best of both worlds.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durar toda una vida = go on + for a lifetime, last + (for) a lifetime.
    * echarlo todo a perder = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo a rodar = upset + the applecart.
    * echarlo todo por tierra = upset + the applecart.
    * echar toda la carne en el asador = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket, shoot (for) + the moon, go for + broke.
    * el dinero es el origen de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el dinero es la fuente de todos los males = money is the root of all evil.
    * el fin de todos los fines = the end of all ends.
    * el mejor de todos = the cream of the crop, crème de la crème.
    * el mejor momento de todos = the time of all times.
    * el peor de todos = the worst of the lot.
    * el sueño de toda persona = the stuff dreams are made of.
    * el sueño de todos = the stuff dreams are made of.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * encontrarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * encontrarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * en igualdad de condiciones para todos los sexos = gender-equitable.
    * en toda la empresa = company-wide, systemwide.
    * en toda la institución = systemwide.
    * en toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * en toda ocasión = at every turn.
    * en todas partes = all around, far and wide.
    * en todo = throughout.
    * en todo caso = if anything.
    * en todo el edificio = site-wide.
    * en todo el estado = statewide [state-wide].
    * en todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], world over, the, throughout the world, around the world, all around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over, in the whole world.
    * en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.
    * en todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * en todo el proceso = throughout.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * en todo momento = at all times, at every instant, every step of the way, throughout, at every turn, day in and day out, at all hours, time after time.
    * en todos estos sentidos = in all these regards.
    * en todos lados = far and wide.
    * en todos los aspectos = all-round.
    * en todos los sentidos = in all respects, in every sense.
    * en todos menos en = in all but.
    * en todos y cada uno de = in all.
    * escolarización para todos = universal schooling.
    * eso es casi todo = that's about it.
    * estar dispuesto a todo = be ready, willing and able.
    * estar en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar metido en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * estar pendiente de todo = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * estar todos en el mismo barco = be all in the same boat.
    * exento de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * extenderse por todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * extenderse por todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * facilitarle la vida a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * famoso en todo el mundo = world-famous [world famous], world-renowned, world-renown.
    * fuente de todos los males, la = root of all evil, the.
    * fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * ganar cuando todo parece estar perdido = victory from the jaws of defeat.
    * gente de todo tipo = people from all walks of life.
    * hacerle la vida más simple a todos = simplify + life for everyone.
    * hacerlo todo excepto = stop at + nothing short of.
    * hacerlo todo menos = stop at + nothing short of.
    * hacer (todo) el trabajo pesado = do (all) + the donkey work.
    * hacer todo lo posible = do + Posesivo + best, pull out + all the stops, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can, try + hard, try + Posesivo + best, try + Posesivo + heart out, work + hard.
    * hacer todo lo posible (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer todo lo posible para = every effort + be + made to.
    * hacer todo lo posible por = go to + any lengths to, go to + great lengths to, endeavour [endeavor, -USA], take + (great) pains to.
    * hacer todo lo que está en nuestras manos = pull out + all the stops.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda = do + Posesivo + best, do + the best + Nombre + may, do + the best + Nombre + can.
    * hacer todo lo que Uno pueda (dado) = do + the best possible (with).
    * hacer un todo de = lump + Nombre + into.
    * hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.
    * igualdad de condiciones para todos = levelling of the playing field.
    * igual para todos = one size fits all.
    * incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.
    * incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * insuficiente para todos = insufficient to go round.
    * integrar formando un todo = articulate.
    * ir a por todas = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * ir a toda velocidad = hurtle.
    * ir todo bien = be fine.
    * ir todo de maravilla = come up + roses.
    * jalárselo todo = scoff + the lot, eat + Posesivo + way through.
    * jugarse el todo por el todo = take + the plunge, risk + life and limb.
    * jugárselo todo = go for + broke, shoot (for) + the moon.
    * jugárselo todo a una sola carta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * justamente todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * justamente todo lo contrario de = quite the opposite of.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * llegar a todas partes = reach + far and wide, extend + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * llegar a todos lados = extend + far and wide, reach + far and wide, stretch + far and wide.
    * llevar al hospital con toda urgencia = rush + Nombre + to hospital.
    * llevar todas las de perder = odds + be stacked against, not have a leg to stand on.
    * lo mejor de todo = best of all.
    * lo primero de todo = first of all, first off.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * más allá de toda duda = beyond doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.
    * más allá de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * más bien todo lo contrario = quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * más que todo lo demás = beyond all else.
    * más que todos nosotros juntos = more than all of us put together.
    * meter las manos en todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * meterse en todos los fregados = have + a finger in every pie.
    * motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.
    * no aburrir a Alguien con todos los detalles = spare + Nombe + all the details.
    * no creerse Algo del todo = take + Nombre + with a pinch of salt.
    * no del todo maduro, verde = underripe.
    * no ser oro todo lo que reluce = not + it's cracked up to be.
    * no somos todos iguales = one size doesn't fit all.
    * No todo lo que reluce es oro = All that glitters is not gold, Not all that is gold glitters.
    * ocurrir todo a la vez = happen + all at once.
    * origen de todos males, el = root of all evil, the.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * pasar a toda velocidad = whiz.
    * póliza de seguro a todo riesgo = all risks cover.
    * poner toda la carne en el asador = shoot (for) + the moon, put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * poner toda la carne en el asador = go for + broke.
    * poner todo de + Posesivo + parte = do + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + best, give + Posesivo + utmost.
    * poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.
    * poner todos los huevos en una canasta = put + all (of) + Posesivo + eggs in one basket.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * que afecta a toda la empresa = enterprise-wide.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que bate todos los récords = record breaking.
    * que cubre todo el cuerpo = head to toe.
    * que dura todo el año = year-round.
    * que lo abarca todo = all-embracing.
    * que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.
    * reconocido por todos = widely recognised.
    * relación parte = whole/part relationship.
    * replantearse todo desde cero = get back to + basics.
    * reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.
    * resistir con todas las fuerzas = resist + with every cell in + Posesivo + body.
    * respetado por todos = widely-respected.
    * revolucionarlo todo = turn + everything upside down.
    * revolverlo todo = turn + everything upside down.
    * sacarle defectos a todo = nitpick.
    * sacarle faltas a todo = nitpick.
    * salir a toda prisa = make + a hasty exit.
    * seguro a todo riesgo = comprehensive insurance, all-risk insurance.
    * ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.
    * ser el centro de todas las miradas = cut + a dash.
    * ser justo con todos = give the devil his due.
    * serlo todo para todos = be all things to all men, be all things to all people.
    * ser todo corazón = have + a heart of gold.
    * ser todo oídos = be all ears.
    * ser todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * ser todo ventajas = the best of both worlds.
    * ser todo vida = be all life.
    * si todo sigue igual = all (other) things being equal.
    * si todo va de acuerdo a lo planeado = all (other) things being equal.
    * sobre todas las cosas = above all things.
    * sobre todo = above all, above everything else, in particular, above all things.
    * tan amado de todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan amado por todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan querido por todos = so beloved of all.
    * tan queridos de todos = so beloved of all.
    * tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * tener todas las de perder = fight + a losing battle.
    * tener todas las posibilidades de = have + every possibility of.
    * tener todo + Nombre + a + Posesivo + disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener todo + Nombre + para + Pronombre = have + the run of the + Nombre.
    * tener todo un éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.
    * tienda de todo a cien = dollar store.
    * tienda que vende de todo = general store.
    * titular a toda plana = headline banner.
    * toda alma viviente = every living soul.
    * toda clase de = all sorts of.
    * toda la comunidad = the community at large.
    * toda la fuerza = full force.
    * toda la fuerza de = the full force of.
    * toda la fuerza del impacto = full force.
    * toda la noche = all night long.
    * toda la sociedad = society at large.
    * toda la trupe = in full force.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * toda la vida = from the cradle to the grave, whole lifelong, whole life.
    * todas las florituras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todas las iniciales del nombre propio = full initials.
    * todas las partes implicadas = all concerned.
    * todas las personas implicadas = all concerned.
    * todas las razones del mundo = every reason.
    * todas las semanas = weekly.
    * toda una serie de = a whole series of.
    * toda una vida = a lifetime.
    * toda una vida de experiencia = a lifetime of experience.
    * toda una vida de trabajo = a lifetime of work.
    * todo a la vez = all at once.
    * todo al mismo tiempo = all at once.
    * todo bicho viviente = every living soul, everyone and their mother, every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo confuso = in a state of disarray.
    * todo continúa como antes = life goes on as before.
    * todo cuesta algo = nothing comes without a cost.
    * todo de una vez = in one lump.
    * todo de (un) golpe = all at once.
    * todo dios = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo el año = year-round.
    * todo el cotarro = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * todo el día = all day, all day long, around the clock.
    * todo el fin de semana = all weekend long.
    * todo el mundo = all and sundry, every Tom, Dick and Harry, everybody, each and everyone.
    * todo el mundo debe tener acceso a la información = access for all.
    * todo el peso de la ley = full force of the law, the, full force of the law, the.
    * todo el rato = all the while.
    * todo el santo día = all day long.
    * todo el tiempo = all of the time, left, right and centre, the whole time, all the while.
    * todo el tinglado = the whole works, the whole shebang, everything and the kitchen sink, the whole enchilada, the whole (kit and) caboodle, the whole nine yards, the whole shooting match, the whole banana, lock, stock and barrel.
    * todo en su conjunto = whole affair, the.
    * todo en uno = all in one.
    * todo es posible = all bets are off, the sky is the limit.
    * todo está a la vista = what you see is what you get.
    * todo esto = the whole thing.
    * todo excepto = everything except (for).
    * todo florido = in full blossom.
    * todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo incluido = all-inclusive.
    * todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.
    * todo liado = in a state of disarray.
    * todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, in marked contrast.
    * todo lo demás = all else.
    * todo lo que toca se convierte en oro = Midas touch, the.
    * todo lo relativo al personaje novelesco Holmes = Holmesiana.
    * todo lujo de detalles = chapter and verse.
    * todo marcha bien = everything is hunky-dory.
    * todo menos = everything except (for).
    * todo mindundi = every Tom, Dick and Harry.
    * todo + Nombre = the whole + Nombre.
    * todo queda en casa = all in the family.
    * todo quisque = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo quisqui = every Tom, Dick and Harry, everyone and their mother.
    * todo recto = straight ahead, straight on.
    * todos = everybody, everyone, them all, all comers, great and small, all concerned, anyone and everyone.
    * todos a cubierta = all hands on deck!.
    * todos a la faena = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).
    * todos al rescate = all hands on deck, all hands to the pump(s).
    * todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.
    * todos ellos = them all.
    * todo ser humano = every living soul.
    * todos + estar de acuerdo = agree on + all hands.
    * todos excepto = everyone except, everybody except.
    * todos excepto + Número = all but + Número.
    * todos lo demás = everyone else.
    * todos los accesorios extras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todos los adornos extras = all the bells and whistles.
    * todos los años = on a yearly basis, year in and year out, year-on-year.
    * todos los demás = everybody else.
    * todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.
    * todos los días = daily, on a daily basis, every day, day in and day out.
    * todos los miembros de la agencia = agency-wide.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * todos manos a la obra = all hands to the pump(s), all hands on deck.
    * todos menos = everyone except, everybody except.
    * todos menos + Número = all but + Número.
    * todos nosotros = all of us.
    * todos por igual = share and share alike.
    * todos ustedes = you all.
    * todos vosotros = you all.
    * todos y cada uno = all and sundry, in full force, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.
    * todo tiene sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes = swings and roundabouts, what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * todo tipo de = all sorts of, all manner of.
    * todo tipo de gustos = all shades of opinion.
    * todo va a las mil maravillas = everything is hunky-dory.
    * todo vale = no holds barred.
    * trabajo de toda una vida = life's work, lifework.
    * tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.
    * tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.
    * Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.
    * vida a toda pastilla = life in the fast lane.
    * y lo peor de todo = and worst of all.
    * y sobre todo = and worst of all.
    * y todo este tipo de cosas = and all this sort of thing.
    * zampárselo todo = scoff + the lot.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (la totalidad de): invitó a toda la clase she invited the whole class
    ha estado llorando toda or todita la mañana ( fam); he's been crying all morning o the whole morning
    no lo he visto en todo el día/toda la semana I haven't seen him all day/all week
    todo el secreto consiste en usar un buen caldo the secret of the whole thing is to use good stock
    dedicó toda su vida a la investigación he dedicated his entire o whole life to research
    se recorrió todo México she traveled all over Mexico
    España toda lo acompaña the whole of Spain is with him
    deja las cosas tiradas por todos lados he leaves things lying about everywhere o all over the place
    empujó con todas sus fuerzas she pushed with all her might
    todas y cada una de las necesidades de su empresa each and every one of o all of your company's needs
    me gustan todos los deportes I like all sports
    todos ustedes lo sabían all of you knew, you all knew
    2
    (uso enfático): a toda velocidad at top speed
    a todo correr as fast as possible
    le dieron todo tipo or toda clase de facilidades they gave him every facility
    está fuera de toda duda it's beyond all doubt
    a todo esto (mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime; (a propósito) incidentally, by the way
    a todo esto, a Juan se lo habían llevado al hospital while all this was happening o meanwhile o in the meantime they had taken Juan to (the) hospital
    3 todo lo + ADJ/ADV:
    puedes hacerlo todo lo largo que quieras you can make it as long as you like
    B
    (cualquier, cada): toda persona detenida debe ser informada de sus derechos all detainees must be informed of their rights, anyone who is detained must be informed of his or her rights
    todo artículo importado all imported items, any imported item
    todo tipo de información all kinds of information
    todo aquél que se sienta capaz anyone who feels capable
    todos los días/los jueves/los años every day/Thursday/year
    todos los primeros viernes de mes the first Friday of every month
    Compuesto:
    el/un todo the/a whole
    dos mitades forman un todo two halves make a whole
    jugarse el todo por el todo to risk o gamble everything on one throw
    1 ( en sing) everything
    lo han perdido todo they've lost everything
    a pesar de todo la sigo queriendo despite everything I still love her
    todo le parece poco he's never satisfied
    come todo lo que quieras eat as much as you like
    te puedes quedar todo lo que quieras you can stay as long as you like
    no fue todo lo interesante que pensábamos que iba a ser it wasn't as interesting as we thought it would be
    ¿eso es todo? is that all?
    se cree que lo sabe todo he thinks he knows it all
    con él siempre es o todo o nada with him it's always (a case of) all or nothing
    2 todos/todas (referido — a cosas) all; (— a personas) all, everybody
    se rompieron todos they all broke
    los compró todos she bought all of them
    vinieron todos they all came, everybody came
    son todos compañeros de clase they're all classmates
    ¿están todos? is everyone o everybody here?
    ¿estamos todos? are we all here?
    B ( en locs):
    con todo y con eso or con todo ( fam) (aun así) all the same, even so; (bien mirado) all in all
    con todo, sigo pensando que … all the same o even so I still think that …
    de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything
    venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things
    hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything
    del todo totally
    está loca del todo she's completely o totally mad
    fue del todo imposible it was absolutely o totally impossible
    eso no es del todo cierto that's not entirely o totally true
    y todo: estropeado y todo, éste es mucho más valioso damaged though it is, this one is still much more valuable
    enfermo y todo, vino a trabajar sick as he was, he still came to work
    tuvo que venir la policía y todo ( fam); the police had to come and everything ( colloq)
    de todas, todas ( fam): ¿es verdad? — de todas, todas is it true? — you bet it is! ( colloq)
    ganó de todas, todas he won by a mile ( colloq)
    me las pagará/pagarás todas juntas one of these days I'll get even with him/you for all of this
    no tenerlas todas consigo to be a little worried o uneasy
    ser todo uno: verla entrar y ponerse a llorar fue todo uno he saw her come in and immediately o promptly burst into tears
    está todo mojado it's all wet
    iba toda vestida de negro she was dressed all in black
    tiene la cara toda marcada her face is badly scarred
    está toda entusiasmada con la idea del viaje she's all o terribly excited about the trip
    todo alrededor del puño all o right around the cuff
    ya es toda una señorita she's a real young lady now, she's quite a young lady now
    aquello fue todo un espectáculo that was quite a show!, that was some show!
    3
    (indicando cualidad predominante): el pescado era todo espinas the fish was full of bones
    cuéntame, soy toda oídos tell me, I'm all ears
    por toda respuesta lanzó un bufido/me guiñó el ojo his only reply was to snort/wink at me
    * * *

     

    todo 1
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    1 ( la totalidad de) all;

    toda la mañana all morning, the whole morning;
    invitó a toda la clase she invited the whole class;
    por todos lados all over the place;
    todos ustedes lo sabían you all knew;
    See Also→ mundo 1
    2 (cualquier, cada):

    todo aquel que quiera anyone who wishes to;
    todos los días every day
    3 ( uso enfático):

    con toda inocencia in all innocence;
    le dieron todo tipo de facilidades they gave him all kind of facilities;
    a todo esto ( mientras tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime;

    ( a propósito) incidentally, by the way
    ■ pronombre
    1


    todo le parece poco he's never satisfied;
    come todo lo que quieras eat as much as you like;
    todo o nada all or nothing
    b)

    ◊ todos/todas ( referido a — cosas) all;


    (— a personas) all, everybody;

    vinieron todos they all came, everybody came;
    buena suerte a todos good luck to everybody;
    es el más alto de todos he's the tallest of the lot o of them all;
    ¿están todos? is everyone o everybody here?;
    todos y cada uno each and every one
    2 ( en locs)

    de todo: come de todo she'll eat anything;
    venden de todo they sell everything o all sorts of things;
    hace de todo un poco he does a bit of everything;
    del todo totally
    3 ( como adv)




    todo 2 sustantivo masculino:
    ◊ el/un todo the/a whole;

    jugarse el todo por el todo to risk o gamble everything on one throw
    todo,-a
    1 adjetivo
    1 (la totalidad: singular) all, whole: recorrió toda España, she travelled all over Spain
    toda la semana, the whole week o all week
    toda tu vida, your entire life o all your life
    2 (: plural) all: todos sus hermanos, all his brothers
    todos lo sabíamos, we all knew
    se comió todas las fresas, she ate all the strawberries
    3 (todo el mundo) todos están riendo, everybody is laughing
    4 (cada, cualquier) every: viene todos los meses, he comes every month
    todo el que desee..., anyone who wishes to...
    5 fam (intensificador) through and through: es toda una atleta, she is every inch an athlete
    II pron
    1 (sin excepciones, sin exclusiones) everything: lo compró todo, he bought it all
    lo perdió todo, he lost everything
    lo sabe todo, she knows everything
    todo son problemas, there's nothing but trouble
    eso es todo, that's all
    (todo el mundo) todos piensan que eres muy lista, everybody thinks you're very clever
    nos invitó a todos, he invited all of us
    todos y cada uno, each and every one
    III adv (por completo, totalmente) estaba todo convencido, he was entirely convinced
    estás todo mojado, you are all wet
    está todo nervioso, he's terribly o all excited
    IV sustantivo masculino todo (total, suma) whole
    en todo o en parte, in whole or in part
    All y whole tienen significados parecidos, pero se usan en estructuras diferentes. All se coloca delante de un artículo, pronombre posesivo o demostrativo, mientras que whole se coloca después: all the world, pero the whole world; all your family, pero your whole family; all this time, pero this whole time. Recuerda que no puedes usar whole sin artículo o pronombre correspondiente ni con sustantivos que indican masa (incontables). Por tanto, la traducción de todo el vino es all the wine y no the whole wine.
    El plural todos o todo el mundo se traduce por everybody o everyone. Aunque el verbo acompañante aparezca en singular, cualquier pronombre que emplees debe estar en plural: Todos deben traer sus propios bolígrafos. Everybody has to bring their (own) pens.

    ' todo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abarcar
    - acabar
    - alta
    - alto
    - amén
    - anochecer
    - ante
    - arramblar
    - arriba
    - bendita
    - bendito
    - bicho
    - bocado
    - borraja
    - borrosa
    - borroso
    - bregar
    - caballero
    - cachaza
    - camino
    - carente
    - caso
    - cháchara
    - color
    - comandita
    - comerse
    - con
    - conforme
    - contrapelo
    - contraria
    - contrario
    - control
    - corazón
    - Cristo
    - cuanta
    - cuanto
    - danza
    - decir
    - delante
    - derecha
    - derecho
    - descaminada
    - descaminado
    - despojar
    - después
    - dios
    - disponer
    - empeño
    - encerrarse
    - encima
    English:
    above
    - above-board
    - abrupt
    - ache
    - aching
    - act up
    - add up
    - agreement
    - ahead
    - aid
    - all
    - all-in
    - altogether
    - always
    - amok
    - anyhow
    - anything
    - appearance
    - as
    - backdrop
    - ball
    - be-all and end-all
    - behind
    - bend
    - best
    - blare out I
    - blast
    - blast out
    - blow
    - blunder
    - boat
    - boil down
    - bottom
    - breast
    - but
    - by
    - call
    - careless
    - character
    - checklist
    - cheese off
    - chiefly
    - clause
    - clean
    - clear up
    - colour
    - come out
    - come to
    - common
    - comprehensive
    * * *
    todo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [el conjunto o total de] all;
    todo el día all day;
    todo el libro the whole book, all (of) the book;
    todo el vino all (of) the wine;
    todas las manzanas all the apples;
    todos los americanos all Americans;
    toda esta planta está dedicada al impresionismo all (of) o the whole of this floor is devoted to impressionism;
    todo un día está dedicado a visitar la ciudad a whole day is devoted to visiting the city;
    todos ellos se marcharon they all left;
    toda su ilusión es conocer Europa her greatest wish is to visit Europe;
    por todas partes everywhere;
    todo el mundo, Méx [m5] todo mundo everybody;
    en todo momento at all times;
    ilustraciones a todo color full-colour illustrations;
    un seguro a todo riesgo a comprehensive insurance policy;
    subimos la calle a toda velocidad we went up the street as fast as we could o at top speed;
    todo Buenos Aires habla de ello the whole of o all of Buenos Aires is talking about it
    2. [cada, cualquier] every;
    todos los días/lunes every day/Monday;
    como todo mexicano sabe… as every Mexican knows…, as all Mexicans know…;
    todo edificio de más de veinte años pasará una revisión all buildings that are more than twenty years old will be inspected;
    todo aquel que o [m5] todo el que viole las normas anybody o anyone who breaks the rules;
    todos aquellos que o [m5] todos los que están en huelga all those (who are) on strike
    3. [para enfatizar]
    es todo un hombre he's every inch a man;
    ya es toda una mujer she's a grown woman now;
    fue todo un éxito it was a great success;
    se produjo todo un cúmulo de casualidades there was a whole series of coincidences
    4. [del todo]
    el jardín estaba todo descuidado the garden was completely o all neglected;
    se puso toda enojada she got all annoyed
    ♦ pron
    1. [singular] everything;
    lo vendió todo he sold everything, he sold it all;
    todo está listo everything is ready, it's all ready;
    todo es poco tratándose de sus hijos nothing is too much when it comes to her children;
    se enoja por todo he gets angry at the slightest thing;
    eso es todo that's all
    Esp todo a cien [tienda] Br ≈ pound shop, US ≈ nickel-and-dime store
    2.
    todos [todas las personas] everybody, everyone;
    [todas las cosas] all of them;
    todos vinieron everybody o everyone came, they all came;
    quiero agradecer a todos su cooperación I would like to thank you all o everybody o everyone for your cooperation;
    ¿estamos todos? are we all here?, is everybody o everyone here?;
    todos están rotos they're all broken, all of them are broken;
    me los ha dado todos she's given me all of them, she's given me them all
    3. [otras frases]
    ante todo [sobre todo] above all;
    [en primer lugar] first of all;
    con todo (y con eso) all the same;
    de todo everything (you can think of);
    tenemos de todo we have everything;
    puede pasar de todo anything could happen;
    después de todo after all;
    del todo completely;
    no estoy del todo contento I'm not entirely happy;
    no lo hace mal del todo she doesn't do it at all badly;
    está en todo he thinks of everything;
    pese a todo, a pesar de todo in spite of o despite everything;
    todo lo más at (the) most;
    y todo: me invitó a cenar y todo she even asked me to dinner;
    se presentó en la fiesta con muletas y todo he turned up at the party, crutches and all;
    de todas todas without a shadow of a doubt;
    fue todo uno: subirse al barco y marearse fue todo uno no sooner had he got on the boat than he felt sick
    ♦ nm
    whole;
    jugarse el todo por el todo to stake everything
    ♦ adv
    [totalmente]
    el camarero era todo amabilidad the waiter was all friendliness, the waiter was extremely friendly;
    esa chica es todo huesos that girl is all skin and bones;
    soy todo oídos I'm all ears
    ♦ a todo esto loc adv
    [mientras tanto] meanwhile; [a propósito] by the way
    * * *
    I adj all;
    todos los domingos every Sunday;
    toda la clase the whole o the entire class
    II adv all;
    estaba todo sucio it was all dirty;
    con todo all the same;
    del todo entirely, absolutely
    III pron all, everything; pl everybody, everyone;
    estaban todos everybody was there;
    esto es todo cuanto sé that’s all I know
    :
    o todo o nada all or nothing;
    de todas todas fam without a shadow of a doubt;
    ir a por todas go all out;
    estar en todo be on top of things
    * * *
    todo, -da adj
    1) : all, whole, entire
    con toda sinceridad: with all sincerity
    toda la comunidad: the whole community
    2) : every, each
    a todo nivel: at every level
    3) : maximum
    a toda velocidad: at top speed
    4)
    todo el mundo : everyone, everybody
    todo nm
    : whole
    todo, -da pron
    1) : everything, all, every bit
    lo sabe todo: he knows it all
    es todo un soldado: he's every inch a soldier
    2) todos, -das pl
    : everybody, everyone, all
    * * *
    todo1 adj
    2. (cada) every
    todo el mundo everyone / everybody
    todo2 adv all
    todo3 pron
    2. (todas las cosas) everything
    3. (toda la gente) everyone / everybody

    Spanish-English dictionary > todo

  • 19 otro

    adj.
    other, one other, another, every other.
    pron.
    another one, other, another, every other.
    m.
    other.
    * * *
    1 other, another
    ■ el otro día... the other day...
    1 other, another
    \
    otro de tantos nothing exceptional
    otro que tal baila he (she) is just as bad
    ¡otra! ¡otra! encore!, more!
    * * *
    1. = otra, adj.
    •
    2. = otra, pron.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=diferente) [en singular] another; [en plural] other

    ¿tiene algún otro modelo? — do you have any other models?

    ¿hay alguna otra manera de hacerlo? — is there any other way of doing it?

    • de otro modo — otherwise

    le pago, de otro modo no lo haría — I'm paying her, otherwise she wouldn't do it

    • está en otra parte — it's somewhere else

    por otra parte, he de admitir que me gusta — on the other hand, I have to admit I like it

    • otro tanto, Juan me insultó y Antonio hizo otro tanto — Juan insulted me and so did Antonio

    ayer subió tres puntos y hoy aumentará otro tanto — it went up by three points yesterday and will rise by the same amount today

    mundo 1)
    2) (=uno más) [en singular, con cifras] another; [en plural] other

    ¿quieres otra taza de café? — would you like another cup of coffee?

    • otra cosa, me gustaría preguntarle otra cosa — I'd like to ask you something else

    ¿desea alguna otra cosa? — would you like anything else?

    • otra vez — again

    3) [en una secuencia temporal]
    a) [en el futuro] next

    se fue y a la otra semana me escribió — * he left and wrote to me the next week

    b) [en el pasado] other
    2. PRON
    1) (=diferente) [en singular] another, another one; [en plural] others

    -he perdido mi lápiz -no importa, tengo otro — "I have lost my pencil" - "it doesn't matter, I've got another (one)"

    • el otro — the other one

    • lo otro no importa — the rest doesn't matter

    2) (=uno más) [en singular] another, another one; [en plural] others

    ¿quieres otro? — do you want another (one)?

    ¿me puede enseñar otros? — could you show me some others o more?

    se me perdieron y me dieron otros — I lost them, but they gave me some more

    ¡otra! — [en concierto] encore!; [en bar] (the) same again, please

    3) [en una secuencia temporal]

    el jueves que viene no, el otro — a week on Thursday

    4) [referido a personas] [en singular] somebody else; [en plural] others

    como dijo el otro — as somebody o someone said

    unos creen que ganará, otros que perderá — some think he'll win, others that he'll lose

    • uno y otro — both, both of them

    unos y otros coinciden en que... — both sides o groups agree that..., they all agree that...

    * * *
    I
    otra adjetivo
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another; (pl) other; ( con numerales) another

    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? — can I have another piece?

    una y otra vez — time and time again; ver tanto III 2)

    2) ( diferente) (sing) another; (pl) other

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? — don't you know any other songs?

    4)
    a) (siguiente, contiguo) next
    b)
    II
    otra pronombre
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another (one)

    ¿quieres otro? — would you like another (one)?

    2) ( diferente)

    los otros no están listos — ( hablando - de personas) the others aren't ready; (- de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready

    4) (siguiente, contiguo)

    de un día para (el) otro — overnight, from one day to the next

    la semana que viene no, la otra — not next week, the week after

    * * *
    = alternate, another, neighbour [neighbor, -USA], other.
    Ex. Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.
    Ex. Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.
    Ex. In most search statements or document profiles it is possible to designate certain concepts as being more significant than their neighbours.
    Ex. Use is still low with c100 requests per year for safety-related information but only c20 other requests.
    ----
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunos lo aman, otros lo odian = love it or loathe it.
    * algunos otros + Nombre = various other + Nombre.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * aprender el uno del otro = learn from + one another.
    * a uno y otro lado de = on either side of.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * continuar la labor de otros = stand on + the shoulders of giants.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, broke, skint.
    * cualquier otra cosa = whatever else.
    * cualquier otro = you name it.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * de otro mundo = unworldly.
    * de otros tiempos = of yore.
    * de otro tiempo = of yore.
    * de parte de otro = on behalf of someone else.
    * desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.
    * desproporcionado uno con otro = ill-balanced.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one form or another.
    * de una lado para otro = on the move, to and fro.
    * de una parte a otra = back and forth.
    * de una punta a otra = end to end.
    * de un + Expresión Temporal + a otro = from one + Expresión Temporal + to the next.
    * de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.
    * de un modo u otro = somehow, some way.
    * de un momento a otro = momentarily, at any moment.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * de un sitio a otro = back and forth.
    * de un sitio para otro = on the move.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one kind or another.
    * dicho de otro modo = said differently.
    * el consejo de otra person = a second opinion.
    * el siguiente no, el otro = next but one.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en otra categoría = on a different plane.
    * en otra escala = on a different plane.
    * en otra parte = further afield.
    * en otras palabras = which is to say.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * en otro sitio = down the road.
    * en otros tiempos = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en otro tiempo = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * entre otras cosas = for one thing, inter alia.
    * entre otros = amongst others, among others.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hecho el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * inspirado en otros = copycat.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * lo otro = otherness.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mirar al otro lado = look + the other way.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * ninguna otra persona = no one else.
    * ningún otro = no other.
    * ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * ¡otra! = encore!.
    * otra cara de + Nombre, la = flip side of + Nombre, the.
    * otra cara, la = flip side, the.
    * otra cosa = something else.
    * otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.
    * otra persona = somebody else, someone else, somebody else, not me.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * otra taza de té o café = refill [re-fill].
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * otro bueno + Nombre = the next best + Nombre.
    * otro ejemplar = additional copy.
    * otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * otros cuantos = several other.
    * otros tantos = as many.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * pasar de uno a otro = change back and forth.
    * pasar de un sitio a otro = travel.
    * pero por otra parte = but then again.
    * pero por otro lado = but then again.
    * poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por otra parte = on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = on the other hand, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * préstamo para otra persona = proxy borrowing.
    * qué otra cosa = what else.
    * sacar a relucir los trapos sucios delante de otros = wash + dirty linen in front of others.
    * sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser muy superior a los otros = be way above all the others.
    * ser otro cantar = be a different kettle of fish.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualqu = be as good a time as any.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tan bueno como ningún otro = as good as any.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, over and over again.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * u otros = or what not [whatnot].
    * vivir en otro mundo = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).
    * * *
    I
    otra adjetivo
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another; (pl) other; ( con numerales) another

    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? — can I have another piece?

    una y otra vez — time and time again; ver tanto III 2)

    2) ( diferente) (sing) another; (pl) other

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? — don't you know any other songs?

    4)
    a) (siguiente, contiguo) next
    b)
    II
    otra pronombre
    1) ( con carácter adicional) (sing) another (one)

    ¿quieres otro? — would you like another (one)?

    2) ( diferente)

    los otros no están listos — ( hablando - de personas) the others aren't ready; (- de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready

    4) (siguiente, contiguo)

    de un día para (el) otro — overnight, from one day to the next

    la semana que viene no, la otra — not next week, the week after

    * * *
    = alternate, another, neighbour [neighbor, -USA], other.

    Ex: Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.

    Ex: Yet another variable factor is the growing presence of full text data bases.
    Ex: In most search statements or document profiles it is possible to designate certain concepts as being more significant than their neighbours.
    Ex: Use is still low with c100 requests per year for safety-related information but only c20 other requests.
    * a costa de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a costa de otros = at other people's expense.
    * actuar de otro modo = do + otherwise.
    * a cuenta de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a cuenta de otros = at other people's expense.
    * además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * a expensas de otro = at someone else's expense.
    * a expensas de otros = at other people's expense.
    * alguna que otra vez = from time to time, every once in a while, occasional, every now and then, every now and again.
    * algunos lo aman, otros lo odian = love it or loathe it.
    * algunos otros + Nombre = various other + Nombre.
    * al otro lado del atlántico = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del charco = across the pond.
    * al otro lado del océano = across the pond.
    * alternar de un estado a otro = toggle.
    * aprender el uno del otro = learn from + one another.
    * a uno y otro lado de = on either side of.
    * cambiar de una vez a otra = change from + time to time.
    * cercano uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * cerca uno del otro = in close proximity.
    * continuar la labor de otros = stand on + the shoulders of giants.
    * con una mano delante y otra detrás = penniless, broke, skint.
    * cualquier otra cosa = whatever else.
    * cualquier otro = you name it.
    * de esto, de lo otro y de lo de más allá = about this and that and everything else.
    * de esto y de lo otro = about this and that.
    * de la otra forma = the other way (a)round.
    * de la otra manera = the other way (a)round.
    * del otro modo = the other way (a)round.
    * de otro mundo = unworldly.
    * de otros tiempos = of yore.
    * de otro tiempo = of yore.
    * de parte de otro = on behalf of someone else.
    * desde un extremo... al otro = from one end... to the other.
    * desproporcionado uno con otro = ill-balanced.
    * de una forma u otra = in some form or other, in one form or another.
    * de una lado para otro = on the move, to and fro.
    * de una parte a otra = back and forth.
    * de una punta a otra = end to end.
    * de un + Expresión Temporal + a otro = from one + Expresión Temporal + to the next.
    * de un extremo al otro = from the ridiculous to the sublime, from the sublime to the ridiculous.
    * de un modo u otro = somehow, some way.
    * de un momento a otro = momentarily, at any moment.
    * de uno a otro = across.
    * de un sitio a otro = back and forth.
    * de un sitio para otro = on the move.
    * de un tipo u otro = of one kind or another.
    * dicho de otro modo = said differently.
    * el consejo de otra person = a second opinion.
    * el siguiente no, el otro = next but one.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other extreme.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en otra categoría = on a different plane.
    * en otra escala = on a different plane.
    * en otra parte = further afield.
    * en otras palabras = which is to say.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * en otro sitio = down the road.
    * en otros tiempos = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * en otro tiempo = in days of yore, in times of yore.
    * entre otras cosas = for one thing, inter alia.
    * entre otros = amongst others, among others.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be well suited to each other, be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estudiante proveniente de otra universidad = transfer student.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * hecho el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * inspirado en otros = copycat.
    * ir de un sitio a otro = shunt between.
    * ir de un sitio para otro = run around.
    * la opinión de otra persona = a second opinion.
    * lo otro = otherness.
    * lo que se gana por un lado se pierde por otro = swings and roundabouts.
    * lo que se pierda en una cosa se gana en la otra = what you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.
    * los otros con los que aparece(n) = neighbours [neighbors, -USA].
    * los unos a costa de los otros = at each other's expense.
    * lo uno es tan malo como lo otro = one is as bad as the other.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mirar al otro lado = look + the other way.
    * mirar en otra dirección = look + the other way.
    * ni lo uno ni lo otro = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * ninguna otra persona = no one else.
    * ningún otro = no other.
    * ni una cosa ni la otra = in-between, betwixt and between.
    * no ser ni una cosa ni otra = fall between + two stools.
    * no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.
    * no tener otra opción = have + no choice.
    * no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.
    * ofrecer la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * organismo que actúa en representación de otros = umbrella.
    * ¡otra! = encore!.
    * otra cara de + Nombre, la = flip side of + Nombre, the.
    * otra cara, la = flip side, the.
    * otra cosa = something else.
    * otra cosa que no sea = anything other than.
    * otra persona = somebody else, someone else, somebody else, not me.
    * otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * otra posibilidad es = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * otra posibilidad es que = alternatively.
    * otra posibilidad + ser = another possibility + be.
    * otra taza de té o café = refill [re-fill].
    * otra vez = again, once again, once more, redux.
    * otra vida, la = afterlife [after-life].
    * otro bueno + Nombre = the next best + Nombre.
    * otro ejemplar = additional copy.
    * otro + Nombre + más = further + Nombre, yet another + Nombre.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * otros cuantos = several other.
    * otros tantos = as many.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * pasar de uno a otro = change back and forth.
    * pasar de un sitio a otro = travel.
    * pero por otra parte = but then again.
    * pero por otro lado = but then again.
    * poner la otra mejilla = turn + the other cheek.
    * ponerlo de otra manera = put it + in a different way.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por otra parte = on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = on the other hand, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * préstamo para otra persona = proxy borrowing.
    * qué otra cosa = what else.
    * sacar a relucir los trapos sucios delante de otros = wash + dirty linen in front of others.
    * sensación de no ser ni una cosa ni la otra = in-betweenness.
    * ser complementario el uno del otro = be integral one to another.
    * ser muy superior a los otros = be way above all the others.
    * ser otro cantar = be a different kettle of fish.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualqu = be as good a time as any.
    * sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * tan bueno como ningún otro = as good as any.
    * todos los otros = all of the other.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tropezar los unos con los otros = trip over + each other.
    * una cosa no + tener + nada que ver con la otra = one thing + have + nothing to do with the other.
    * una noche tras otra = night after night.
    * una y otra vez = over and over, repetitively, time after time, time and time again, again and again, over and over again.
    * un día sí y otro no = every other day.
    * un día sí y otro también = day in and day out.
    * un día tras otro = day after day.
    * unos con otros = one another.
    * unos de otros = one another.
    * unos encima de los otros = one on another.
    * uno tras otro = one after the other, sequentially, one after another.
    * uno u otro = one or another.
    * u otros = or what not [whatnot].
    * vivir en otro mundo = live in + cloud cuckoo land.
    * y además otro(s) = still (an)other(s).
    * y otro(s) = et al. (et alii), still (an)other(s).

    * * *
    A (con carácter adicional) ( sing) another; (pl) other; (con numerales) another
    ¿puedo comer otro trozo? can I have another piece?
    tiene otros tres hijos he has another three children, he has three other children
    necesito otras cinco libras/otros dos kilos I need another five pounds/two kilos
    déjame probar otra vez let me try again
    una y otra vez time and time again
    otro tanto ver tanto3 pron B. (↑ tanto (3))
    B (diferente) ( sing) another; (pl) other
    hay otra manera de hacerlo there's another o a different way of doing it
    ¿puedes venir en otro momento? can you come another o some other time?
    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? don't you know any other songs?, is that the only song you know?
    no hay otra forma de aprenderlo there's no other way of learning it o to learn it
    decidió probar otros métodos she decided to try other methods
    ponlo en otro sitio put it somewhere else
    la realidad es muy otra the truth of the matter is very different
    queda del otro lado de la calle it's on the other side of the street
    sus otras compañías his other companies, the rest of his companies
    Compuestos:
    el otro mundo the next world
    masculine alter ego, other self
    D
    1 (siguiente, contiguo) next
    al otro día me llamó por teléfono she phoned me the following o (the) next day
    se bajó en la otra parada he got off at the next stop
    2
    el otro día the other day
    lo vi el otro día en el club I saw him at the club the other day
    A (con carácter adicional) ( sing) another, another one
    ¿quieres otro? would you like another (one)?
    ¡otra! encore!
    B
    (diferente): desde que adelgazó parece otra since she lost weight she looks a different person
    quiero éste y no voy a aceptar ningún otro this is the one I want and I won't accept any other
    la dejó por otra he left her for somebody else o for another woman
    otros piensan que no es así others feel that this is not so
    C
    (estableciendo un contraste): la otra es mejor the other one is better
    los otros no están listos (hablando — de personas) the others aren't ready; (— de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready
    de lo otro, te llamaré luego as for the other matter o business, I'll call you later
    todo lo otro va en este cajón everything else goes in this drawer
    D
    (siguiente, contiguo): un día sí y otro no every other day
    de un día para el otro overnight, from one day to the next
    la semana que viene no, la otra not next week, the week after
    se tomó tres, uno detrás del otro he drank three, one after the other
    E
    otra que … ( RPl fam): otra que un par de días, les llevó dos semanas a couple of days my foot! o what do you mean a couple of days? it took them two weeks
    no vamos a poder ir de vacaciones, otra que viaje a Europa … we won't be going on vacation, never mind o let alone to Europe!
    * * *

     

    otro,
    ◊ otra adjetivo

    1 ( con carácter adicional) ( sing) another;
    (pl) other;
    ( con numerales) another;
    ◊ ¿puedo comer otro trozo? can I have another piece?;

    prueba otra vez try again;
    una y otra vez time and time again;
    ver tanto 2 pronombre 2
    2 ( diferente) ( sing) another;
    (pl) other;

    ¿no sabes ninguna otra canción? don't you know any other songs?;
    en otro sitio somewhere else;
    en otro momento some other time
    3 ( estableciendo un contraste) other;

    4 (siguiente, contiguo) next;
    ver tb
    ◊ día

    ■ pronombre
    1 ( con carácter adicional) ( sing) another (one);
    ◊ ¿quieres otro? would you like another (one)?

    2 ( diferente):

    no voy a aceptar ningún otro I won't accept any other;
    lo cambié por otro I changed it for another one;
    ¿no tiene otros? have you any other ones?;
    otros piensan que no es así others feel that this is not so
    3 ( estableciendo un contraste):


    (— de cosas) the others o the other ones aren't ready
    4 (siguiente, contiguo):
    ◊ la semana que viene no, la otra not next week, the week after;

    uno detrás del otro one after the other
    otro,-a
    I adj indef
    1 (adicional, añadido) another: había otra muñeca, there was another doll
    (distinto, diferente) no veo otra solución, I can see no other solution
    otras veces es más amable, other times he's nicer
    2 (con artículo definido) other: la otra hermana es rubia, the other sister is blonde
    el otro día no pude llamarte, I couldn't phone you the other day
    II pron indef
    1 (adicional, extra) another (one): me tomaría otra, I'll have another one
    (distinto, diferente) no quiero otra, I don't want any other one
    unos ganan y otros pierden, some win, others lose
    lo confundí con otro, I mistook him for somebody else
    2 (con artículo definido) (sing) the other (one)
    (pl) (personas, cosas) the others, the other ones
    Another se emplea con sustantivos en singular y (any) other con sustantivos en plural: No tengo otro. I haven't got another. No tengo otros. I haven't got any others. Si, además, quieres añadir un número, emplearemos another o more: Quiero otros tres pasteles. I want another three cakes o I want three more cakes.
    ' otro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - apestosa
    - apestoso
    - bailar
    - bando
    - beneficio
    - cambiar
    - cantar
    - cascar
    - collado
    - comunicar
    - contraria
    - contrario
    - dejar
    - día
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - embestir
    - encargo
    - enfadarse
    - enjabonar
    - espíritu
    - gallo
    - grosor
    - hacer
    - harina
    - jueves
    - lado
    - llevarse
    - lo
    - marcar
    - más
    - mí
    - mismamente
    - momento
    - mundo
    - nada
    - nadie
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - no
    - nunca
    - oído
    - otra
    - pasar
    - preferir
    English:
    about
    - across
    - affair
    - after
    - alien
    - another
    - apart
    - approach
    - astir
    - blind
    - breadth
    - bygone
    - chain-smoke
    - cloud cuckoo land
    - connect
    - cop
    - copycat
    - cross
    - dash
    - die off
    - disturbing
    - dribble
    - each
    - ear
    - else
    - elsewhere
    - escape
    - far
    - flip side
    - foreign
    - further
    - get on to
    - get onto
    - hand
    - home
    - hot
    - interfere
    - marmalade
    - minute
    - miss
    - mix up
    - more
    - neither
    - new
    - nutty
    - object
    - odd
    - one
    - other
    - otherwise
    * * *
    otro, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [distinto] another;
    otros/otras other;
    otro chico another boy;
    el otro chico the other boy;
    (los) otros chicos (the) other boys;
    ¿conoces otro sitio donde podamos ir? do you know anywhere else we could go?;
    no hay otra impresora como ésta there's no other printer quite like this one;
    dame otra cosa, no quiero agua could I have something else? I don't feel like water;
    no hace otra cosa que llorar she does nothing but cry;
    el otro día [pasado] the other day;
    al otro año volvimos a Acapulco [año siguiente] we returned to Acapulco the following year;
    otros pocos/muchos votaron a favor a few/several of the others voted in favour
    2. [nuevo] another;
    estamos ante otro Dalí this is another Dali;
    otros tres goles another three goals;
    vendrán otros dos amigos another two friends will come;
    yo hubiera hecho otro tanto I would have done just the same;
    otra vez again
    ♦ pron
    another (one);
    el otro the other one;
    otros/otras others;
    los otros/las otras the others;
    ¿nos tomamos otra? shall we have another (one)?;
    dame otro give me another (one);
    sé que sales con otra I know you're seeing another woman o someone else;
    ¡pareces otro! you look like a completely different person!;
    mientras uno baila, el otro canta while one of them dances, the other sings;
    la semana que viene no, la otra the week after next;
    los perros se mordían el uno al otro the dogs were biting each other;
    nos ayudamos los unos a los otros we all help each other o one another;
    algún otro quedará there's bound to be a couple left;
    ningún otro corre tanto como él no one runs as fast as he does;
    su calidad de impresión es mejor que ninguna otra it prints better than anything else;
    yo no lo hice, fue otro it wasn't me, it was somebody else;
    otro habría abandonado, pero no él anyone else would have given up, but not him;
    la razón no es otra que la falta de medios the reason is quite simply a lack of resources;
    pónganos otra de lo mismo (the) same again, please;
    ¡hasta otra! I'll see you when I see you, see you again some time;
    ¡otra! [en conciertos] encore!, more!;
    otro que tal (baila): el padre era un mujeriego y el hijo es otro que tal (baila) the father was a womanizer and his son's a chip off the old block;
    ¡otro que tal!, ¡es que no paran de preguntar! there goes another one! they never stop asking questions!;
    Am
    ¡otra que!: ¡otra que 20 años, debe tener como 25! what do you mean, 20? he must be about 25!;
    Am
    no hay o [m5] me queda otra I've got no choice o alternative
    * * *
    I adj
    1 ( diferente) another;
    otros other;
    ser muy otro be very different
    :
    otros dos libros another two books
    3 con el, la other
    II pron
    1 ( adicional) another (one)
    2 ( persona distinta) someone o
    somebody else;
    fue otro, no fui yo it wasn’t me, it was someone else
    3 ( cosa distinta) another one, a different one;
    otros others;
    entre otros among others
    :
    ¡hasta otra! see you soon
    :
    amarse el uno al otro love one another, love each other
    * * *
    otro, otra adj
    1) : other
    2) : another
    en otro juego, ellos ganaron: in another game, they won
    3)
    otra vez : again
    4)
    de otra manera : otherwise
    5)
    otra parte : elsewhere
    6)
    en otro tiempo : once, formerly
    otro, otra pron
    1) : another one
    dame otro: give me another
    2) : other one
    el uno o el otro: one or the other
    3)
    los otros, las otras : the others, the rest
    me dio una y se quedó con las otras: he gave me one and kept the rest
    * * *
    otro1 adj
    ¿quieres otra galleta? would you like another biscuit?
    Cuando otro va precedido de un determinante o adjetivo posesivo o demostrativo, no se usa another sino other
    otro2 pron
    1. (en singular) another / another one
    este dibujo no está mal, pero el otro es mucho mejor this drawing isn't bad, but the other one is much better
    3. (en plural) others

    Spanish-English dictionary > otro

  • 20 but

    ̈ɪbʌt I (полная форма) ;
    (редуцированная форма)
    1. нареч. лишь, только, единственно;
    просто He is but a child. ≈ Он всего лишь ребенок. Syn: only
    2., merely
    2. предл. кроме, за исключением, исключая no one there but me ≈ никто, кроме меня nothing but ≈ ничего кроме;
    только Syn: barring anything but ≈ далеко не;
    все что угодно, только не
    3. союз
    1) но, а, однако, тем не менее( вводит противоречащие друг другу слова, предложения) but then ≈ но с другой стороны
    2) если (бы) не;
    как не;
    чтобы не (указыавает на ограничение, исключение)
    3) в начале предложения служит указанием на перход к новой теме
    4. мест.;
    относ. кто бы не
    5. сущ. возражение There is no ifs or buts. He has to obey. ≈ Никаких "если" и "но". Ему придется подчиниться. II
    1. сущ.;
    шотланд. кухня или жилая комната в двухкомнатном доме
    2. нареч.;
    шотланд. снаружи, извне, вовне;
    на воздухе, на улице Syn: outside
    3., without
    2. возражение - your ifs and *s make me tired мне надоели ваши "если" и "но" /ваши сомнения и возражения/ > but me no *s никаких "но", без возражений только, лишь - * now только что - * yesterday только вчера - he is (nothing) * a boy он еще совсем мальчик - he is * fifteen ему только пятнадцать лет - he called * once он зашел только один раз - uor journey is * begun наше путешествие только началось - you have * to tell me вы должны только сказать мне - had I * known! если бы я только знал! кто бы не, что бы не - there is no one * has heard it нет такого человека, который бы не слыхал об этом за исключением, кроме - who will do it * me? кто, кроме меня, сделает это? - all * he were present все, кроме него, присутствовали - no one saw him, * I никто, кроме меня, не видел его - he works all days * Sunday он работает каждый день, кроме воскресенья вводит противоречащие или ограничивающие друг друга слова и предложения но, а, тем не менее, однако - they returned tired, * happy они вернулись усталые, но счастливые - not he, * his brother не он, а его брат - that is the rule, * there are many exceptions это правило, но есть много исключений - I am old, * you are young я стар, но /зато/ вы молоды - I agree with you, * yet we cannot accept your plan я согласен с вами, но все же мы не можем принять ваш план в начале предложения часто указывает на переход к новой теме - * who comes here? но кто это идет сюда? указывает на исключение или ограничение кроме, за исключением - we had no choice * to obey нам не оставалось ничего другого, как подчиниться - there was nothing else to do * (to) go не оставалось ничего другого, как пойти - what is all that * a warning? что все это, если не предупреждение? (книжное) (часто * that;
    после отрицания) чтобы не;
    без того;
    что - he is not so sick * he can eat он не настолько болен, чтобы не есть - not * that I pity you не то чтобы я не жалел вас - I never think of summer * I think of childhood думая о лете, я всегда вспоминаю детство - I never pass there * I think of you всякий раз, когда я прохожу там, я вспоминаю вас - I do not doubt * (that) he will come я не сомневаюсь, что он придет - I don't doubt * that you are surprised не сомневаюсь, что вы удивлены - I cannot deny * (that) /(разг) what/ you are right не могу отрицать, что вы правы - ten to one * it was you (разговорное) почти уверен, что это были вы - how can I tell * you will do the same? как я могу сказать, что вы не сделаете того же самого ( * that) если бы не - he would not have believed it, * that he saw it himself он не поверил бы этому6 если бы не увидел сам - I'd come with you * that I am so busy я бы пошел с вами, если бы не был так занят в различных сочетаниях - * for без, кроме;
    если бы не - * for you we should not have finished the work in time без вас /если бы не вы/ мы бы не окончили работу вовремя - the room was empty * for a bed в комнате не было ничего, кроме кровати - all * почти, чуть не - he all * fell он едва /чуть/ не упал - anything * далеко не;
    все, что угодно, только не - it is anything * pleasant это далеко /вовсе/ не приятно - he is anything * a poet его никак нельзя назвать поэтом - can * во всяком случае, по крайней мере;
    только - you can * try во всяком случае вы можете попробовать - I can * hope я могу только надеяться - cannot * не могу не... - I cannot * suggest не могу не предложить - we cannot * hope he is right нам остается только надеяться, что он прав - one cannot * wonder нельзя не задуматься - I cannot help * think (американизм) не могу не думать - * then но зато, но с другой стороны - last * one предпоследний( шотландское) комната, выходящая на улицу, в двухкомнатном доме ( шотландское) наружный - the * end of the house часть дома, выходящая на улицу ( шотландское) снаружи;
    наружу - go * and wait выйди (на улицу) и подожди ~ prep кроме, за исключением;
    all but one passenger were drowned утонули все, кроме одного пассажира;
    the last but one предпоследний but если (бы) не;
    как не;
    чтобы не;
    I cannot but... не могу не... ~ prep кроме, за исключением;
    all but one passenger were drowned утонули все, кроме одного пассажира;
    the last but one предпоследний ~ кто бы не;
    there is no one but knows it нет никого, кто бы этого не знал;
    there are few men but would risk all for such a prize мало найдется таких, кто не рискнул бы всем ради подобной награды ~ но, а, однако, тем не менее;
    but then но с другой стороны ~ шотл. первая или рабочая комната в небольшом двухкомнатном доме ~ только, лишь;
    I saw him but a moment я видел его лишь мельком;
    she is but nine years old ей только девять лет;
    but just только что;
    all but почти;
    едва не ~ только, лишь;
    I saw him but a moment я видел его лишь мельком;
    she is but nine years old ей только девять лет;
    but just только что;
    all but почти;
    едва не ~ me no ~s пожалуйста, без "но", без возражений ~ но, а, однако, тем не менее;
    but then но с другой стороны he all ~ died of his wound он едва не умер от своей раны he would have fallen ~ that I caught him он упал бы, если бы я его не подхватил;
    he would have fallen but for me он упал бы, если бы не я he would have fallen ~ that I caught him он упал бы, если бы я его не подхватил;
    he would have fallen but for me он упал бы, если бы не я but если (бы) не;
    как не;
    чтобы не;
    I cannot but... не могу не... can: I ~ speak French я говорю (умею говорить) по-французски;
    I cannot я не могу;
    I cannot away with this терпеть этого не могу;
    I cannot but я не могу не I cannot ~ agree with you не могу не согласиться с вами;
    what could he do but confess? что ему оставалось, как не сознаться? ~ только, лишь;
    I saw him but a moment я видел его лишь мельком;
    she is but nine years old ей только девять лет;
    but just только что;
    all but почти;
    едва не ~ prep кроме, за исключением;
    all but one passenger were drowned утонули все, кроме одного пассажира;
    the last but one предпоследний last: ~ but not least не самый худший;
    last but one предпоследний ~ but one предпоследний ~ только, лишь;
    I saw him but a moment я видел его лишь мельком;
    she is but nine years old ей только девять лет;
    but just только что;
    all but почти;
    едва не ~ кто бы не;
    there is no one but knows it нет никого, кто бы этого не знал;
    there are few men but would risk all for such a prize мало найдется таких, кто не рискнул бы всем ради подобной награды ~ кто бы не;
    there is no one but knows it нет никого, кто бы этого не знал;
    there are few men but would risk all for such a prize мало найдется таких, кто не рискнул бы всем ради подобной награды I cannot ~ agree with you не могу не согласиться с вами;
    what could he do but confess? что ему оставалось, как не сознаться?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > but

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